Part 9

Action and affection both admit of contraries and also of variation of degree. Heating is the contrary of cooling, being heated of being cooled, being glad of being vexed. Thus they admit of contraries. They also admit of variation of degree: for it is possible to heat in a greater or less degree; also to be heated in a greater or less degree. Thus action and affection also admit of variation of degree. So much, then, is stated with regard to these categories.

Action and being acted upon both have opposites and can vary in degree. Heating is the opposite of cooling, and being heated is the opposite of being cooled. Being glad is the opposite of being upset. So action and being acted upon have opposites. Both also vary in degree. Something can heat to a greater or lesser degree, and something can be heated to a greater or lesser degree. So action and being acted upon can also vary in degree. That is all we will say about these categories.

We spoke, moreover, of the category of position when we were dealing with that of relation, and stated that such terms derived their names from those of the corresponding attitudes.

We also discussed the category of position when we considered the category of relation. We noted that terms for positions take their names from the corresponding bodily postures.

As for the rest, time, place, state, since they are easily intelligible, I say no more about them than was said at the beginning, that in the category of state are included such states as 'shod', 'armed', in that of place 'in the Lyceum' and so on, as was explained before.

The remaining categories, time, place, and state, are easy to understand, so I will only repeat what I said at the beginning. The category of state includes conditions such as 'wearing shoes' and 'armed'. The category of place includes 'in the Lyceum' and so on, as explained before.