“A good conscience is the testimony of a good life, and the reward of it.” This is it that fortifies the mind against fortune, when a man has gotten the mastery of his passions; placed his treasure and security within himself; learned to be content with his condition; and that death is no evil in itself, but only the end of man. He that has dedicated his mind to virtue, and to the good of human society, whereof he is a member, has consummated all that is either profitable or necessary for him to know or to do toward the establishment of his peace. Every man has a judge and a witness within himself of all the good and ill that he does, which inspires us with great thoughts, and administers to us wholesome counsels. We have a veneration for all the works of Nature, the heads of rivers, and the springs of medicinal waters; the horrors of groves and of caves strike us with an impression of religion and worship. To see a man fearless in dangers, untainted with lusts, happy in adversity, composed in a tumult, and laughing at all those things which are generally either coveted or feared; all men must acknowledge that this can be nothing else but a beam of divinity that influences a mortal body. And this is it that carries us to the disquisition of things divine and human; what the state of the world was before the distribution of the first matter into parts; what power it was that drew order out of that confusion, and gave laws both to the whole, and to every particle thereof; what that space is beyond the world; and whence proceed the several operations of Nature.
"A good conscience shows you've lived a good life, and it's your reward for doing so." This strengthens your mind against bad luck. It happens when you master your emotions, keep your treasure and security inside yourself, learn to be happy with what you have, and understand that death isn't evil by itself—it's just the end of human life. When someone dedicates their mind to virtue and to helping human society, they've learned everything they need to know to find peace. Every person has a judge and witness inside themselves for all the good and bad they do. This inner voice gives us great thoughts and wise advice. We respect all the works of Nature—the sources of rivers and healing springs. The mysterious beauty of groves and caves fills us with religious wonder. When we see someone who's fearless in danger, pure from selfish desires, happy even in hard times, calm during chaos, and laughing at things most people either want desperately or fear greatly, we all must admit this can only be a spark of the divine influencing a human body. This divine spark leads us to explore both heavenly and earthly matters. We wonder what the world was like before the first matter was divided into parts. We ask what power brought order from that chaos and gave laws to both the whole universe and every piece of it. We question what exists beyond our world and where Nature's various workings come from.
Shall any man see the glory and order of the universe; so many scattered parts and qualities wrought into one mass; such a medley of things, which are yet distinguished: the world enlightened, and the disorders of it so wonderfully regulated; and shall he not consider the Author and Disposer of all this; and whither we ourselves shall go, when our souls shall be delivered from the slavery of our flesh? The whole creation we see conforms to the dictates of Providence, and follows God both as a governor and as a guide. A great, a good, and a right mind, is a kind of divinity lodged in flesh, and may be the blessing of a slave as well as of a prince; it came from heaven, and to heaven it must return; and it is a kind of heavenly felicity, which a pure and virtuous mind enjoys, in some degree, even upon earth: whereas temples of honor are but empty names, which, probably, owe their beginning either to ambition or to violence.
Can anyone look at the glory and order of the universe and not be amazed? So many scattered parts and qualities are woven into one whole. It's a mixture of things that are still distinct from each other. The world is filled with light, and its disorders are wonderfully regulated. How can someone see all this and not think about the Author and Creator of it all? How can they not wonder where we ourselves will go when our souls are freed from the slavery of our flesh? All of creation follows the commands of Providence. It follows God both as a ruler and as a guide. A great, good, and righteous mind is like a piece of divinity living in flesh. It can bless a slave just as much as a prince. It came from heaven, and to heaven it must return. A pure and virtuous mind enjoys a kind of heavenly happiness, even here on earth. Meanwhile, temples of honor are just empty names. They probably began either from ambition or from violence.
I am strangely transported with the thoughts of eternity; nay, with the belief of it; for I have a profound veneration for the opinions of great men, especially when they promise things so much to my satisfaction: for they do promise them, though they do not prove them. In the question of the immortality of the soul, it goes very far with me, a general consent to the opinion of a future reward and punishment; which meditation raises me to the contempt of this life, in hopes of a better. But still, though we know that we have a soul; yet what the soul is, how, and from whence, we are utterly ignorant: this only we understand, that all the good and ill we do is under the dominion of the mind; that a clear conscience states us in an inviolable peace; and that the greatest blessing in Nature is that which every honest man may bestow upon himself. The body is but the clog and prisoner of the mind; tossed up and down, and persecuted with punishments, violences, and diseases; but the mind itself is sacred and eternal, and exempt from the danger of all actual impression.
I am strangely moved by thoughts of eternity. I believe in it deeply. I have great respect for the opinions of wise people, especially when they promise things that satisfy me so much. They do promise these things, even if they don't prove them. When it comes to the immortality of the soul, I'm strongly influenced by the general agreement about future reward and punishment. This thought lifts me above contempt for this life, giving me hope for something better. Still, though we know we have a soul, we're completely ignorant about what the soul actually is, how it works, and where it comes from. We only understand this: all the good and evil we do is controlled by the mind. A clear conscience gives us unshakeable peace. The greatest blessing in nature is something every honest person can give themselves. The body is just a burden and prison for the mind. It gets tossed around and tormented with punishments, violence, and disease. But the mind itself is sacred and eternal. It's protected from the danger of any real harm.
Provided that we look to our consciences, no matter for opinion: let me deserve well, though I hear ill. The common people take stomach and audacity for the marks of magnanimity and honor; and if a man be soft and modest, they look upon him as an easy fop; but when they come once to observe the dignity of his mind in the equality and firmness of his actions; and that his external quiet is founded upon an internal peace, the very same people who have him in esteem and admiration; for there is no man but approves of virtue, though but few pursue it; we see where it is, but we dare not venture to come at it: and the reason is, we overvalue that which we must quit to obtain it.
As long as we follow our consciences, public opinion doesn't matter. Let me do what's right, even if people speak badly of me. Most people mistake boldness and aggression for true greatness and honor. If someone is gentle and modest, they see him as weak or foolish. But once they notice the dignity of his character through his steady, consistent actions, they realize his outward calm comes from inner peace. Then these same people respect and admire him. Everyone recognizes virtue when they see it, though few actually pursue it. We know where to find it, but we're afraid to go after it. The reason is simple: we place too much value on what we'd have to give up to get it.
A good conscience fears no witnesses, but a guilty conscience is solicitous even of solitude. If we do nothing but what is honest, let all the world know it; but if otherwise, what does it signify to have nobody else know it, so long as I know it myself? Miserable is he that slights that witness! Wickedness, it is true, may escape the law, but not the conscience; for a private conviction is the first and the greatest punishment to offenders; so that sin plagues itself; and the fear of vengeance pursues even those that escape the stroke of it. It were ill for good men that iniquity may so easily evade the law, the judge, and the execution, if Nature had not set up torments and gibbets in the consciences of transgressors. He that is guilty lives in perpetual terror; and while he expects to be punished, he punishes himself; and whosoever deserves it expects it. What if he be not detected? he is still in apprehension yet that he may be so. His sleeps are painful, and never secure; and he cannot speak of another man’s wickedness without thinking of his own, whereas a good conscience is a continual feast.
A clear conscience has nothing to fear from witnesses, but a guilty conscience worries even when alone. If we only do honest things, let the whole world know about it. But if we do wrong, what good does it do to hide it from others when we still know it ourselves? How miserable is the person who ignores that inner witness! It's true that wickedness may escape the law, but it cannot escape the conscience. Private conviction is the first and greatest punishment for wrongdoers. Sin torments itself. The fear of punishment follows even those who escape actual punishment. It would be terrible for good people if evil could so easily avoid the law, the judge, and execution. But Nature has set up torments and gallows in the consciences of wrongdoers. The guilty person lives in constant terror. While expecting to be punished, he punishes himself. Anyone who deserves punishment expects it. What if he's not caught? He still fears that he might be. His sleep is painful and never peaceful. He cannot speak of another person's wickedness without thinking of his own. But a good conscience is a continual feast.
Those are the only certain and profitable delights, which arise from the consciousness of a well-acted life; no matter for noise abroad, so long as we are quiet within: but if our passions be seditious, that is enough to keep us waking without any other tumult. It is not the posture of the body, or the composure of the bed, that will give rest to an uneasy mind: there is an impatient sloth that may be roused by action, and the vices of laziness must be cured by business. True happiness is not to be found in excesses of wine, or of women, or in the largest prodigalities of fortune; what she has given to me, she may take away, but she shall not tear it from me; and, so long as it does not grow to me, I can part with it without pain. He that would perfectly know himself, let him set aside his money, his fortune, his dignity, and examine himself naked, without being put to learn from others the knowledge of himself.
The only real and lasting pleasures come from knowing you've lived a good life. It doesn't matter what noise and chaos happen around you, as long as you have peace within yourself. But if your emotions are in turmoil, that's enough to keep you awake without any outside disturbance. It's not how you position your body or how comfortable your bed is that will give rest to a troubled mind. There's a restless kind of laziness that can only be cured by taking action, and the problems that come from being idle must be solved by staying busy. True happiness isn't found in drinking too much wine, sleeping with too many women, or spending money recklessly. What fortune has given to me, she may take away, but she won't be able to tear it from me. As long as it doesn't become part of who I am, I can let it go without pain. If someone wants to truly know themselves, they should set aside their money, their wealth, and their status, and examine themselves stripped bare, without needing to learn about themselves from other people.
It is dangerous for a man too suddenly, or too easily, to believe himself. Wherefore let us examine, observe, and inspect our own hearts, for we ourselves are our own greatest flatterers: we should every night call ourselves to account, “What infirmity have I mastered to-day? what passion opposed? what temptation resisted? what virtue acquired?” Our vices will abate of themselves, if they be brought every day to the shrift. Oh the blessed sleep that follows such a diary! Oh the tranquillity, liberty, and greatness of that mind that is a spy upon itself, and a private censor of its own manners! It is my custom (says our author) every night, so soon as the candle is out, to run over all the words and actions of the past day; and I let nothing escape me; for why should I fear the sight of my own errors, when I can admonish and forgive myself? “I was a little too hot in such a dispute: my opinion might have been as well spared, for it gave offence, and did no good at all. The thing was true, but all truths are not to be spoken at all times; I would I had held my tongue, for there is no contending either with fools or our superiors. I have done ill, but it shall be so no more.” If every man would but thus look into himself, it would be the better for us all. What can be more reasonable than this daily review of a life that we cannot warrant for a moment? Our fate is set, and the first breath we draw is only the first motion toward our last: one cause depends upon another; and the course of all things, public and private, is but a long connection of providential appointments. There is a great variety in our lives, but all tends to the same issue. Nature may use her own bodies as she pleases; but a good man has this consolation, that nothing perishes which he can call his own. It is a great comfort that we are only condemned to the same fate with the universe; the heavens themselves are mortal as well as our bodies; Nature has made us passive, and to suffer is our lot. While we are in flesh, every man has his chain and his clog, only it is looser and lighter to one man than to another; and he is more at ease that takes it up and carries it, than he that drags it. We are born, to lose and to perish, to hope and to fear, to vex ourselves and others; and there is no antidote against a common calamity but virtue; for “the foundation of true joy is in the conscience.”
It's dangerous for a person to believe in themselves too quickly or too easily. We should examine and inspect our own hearts, because we are our own greatest flatterers. Every night we should ask ourselves: "What weakness did I overcome today? What passion did I fight? What temptation did I resist? What virtue did I gain?" Our vices will fade on their own if we examine them daily. What blessed sleep follows such a diary! What peace, freedom, and greatness belongs to a mind that watches itself and judges its own behavior! It's my habit (says our author) every night, as soon as I blow out the candle, to review all the words and actions of the day. I let nothing escape me. Why should I fear looking at my own mistakes when I can warn and forgive myself? "I was too heated in that argument. I could have kept my opinion to myself, since it offended people and did no good. What I said was true, but not all truths should be spoken at all times. I wish I had stayed quiet, because there's no point arguing with fools or our superiors. I did wrong, but I won't do it again." If everyone would look into themselves this way, we would all be better off. What could be more reasonable than this daily review of a life we can't guarantee will last another moment? Our fate is already decided. The first breath we take is just the first step toward our last. One event leads to another, and everything that happens, public and private, is just a long chain of destiny's appointments. Our lives are very different from each other, but they all lead to the same end. Nature can do what she wants with our bodies, but a good person has this comfort: nothing that truly belongs to him can be destroyed. It's a great comfort that we're only condemned to the same fate as the universe itself. Even the heavens will die, just like our bodies. Nature has made us passive, and suffering is our lot. While we live in flesh, every person has their chain and burden. It's just looser and lighter for some than others. The person who picks up their burden and carries it is more comfortable than the one who drags it. We are born to lose and die, to hope and fear, to trouble ourselves and others. There's no cure for universal suffering except virtue, because "the foundation of true joy is in the conscience."