The Calm after the Storm

I had not yet left the police station, when, after two days, I was taken to see Mr. Escombe. Two constables were sent to protect me, though no such precaution was then needed.

I was still at the police station when, two days later, I was taken to see Mr. Escombe. Two constables were sent to protect me, though I no longer needed protection.

On the day of landing, as soon as the yellow flag was lowered, a representative of the Natal Advertiser had come to interview me. He had asked me a number of questions, and in reply I had been able to refute every one of the charges that had been levelled against me. Thanks to Sir Phirozeshah Mehta, I had delivered only written speeches in India, and I had copies of them all, as well as of my other writings. I had given the interviewer all this literature, and showed him, that in India I had said nothing which I had not already said in South Africa in stronger language. I had also shown him that I had had no hand in bringing the passengers of the Courland and Naderi to South Africa. Many of them were old residents, and most of them, far from wanting to stay in Natal, meant to go to the Transvaal. In those days the Transvaal offered better prospects than Natal to those coming in search of wealth, and most Indians, therefore, preferred to go there.

On the day I landed, a representative of the Natal Advertiser came to interview me. He arrived as soon as the yellow flag was lowered. He asked me many questions, and I was able to disprove every charge against me. Thanks to Sir Phirozeshah Mehta, I had delivered only written speeches in India. I had copies of them all, as well as my other writings. I gave all this material to the interviewer. I showed him that I had said nothing in India that I had not already said more strongly in South Africa. I also showed him that I had played no part in bringing the passengers of the Courland and Naderi to South Africa. Many were longtime residents, and most did not intend to stay in Natal. They intended to go to the Transvaal instead. In those days, the Transvaal offered better prospects than Natal to people seeking wealth. Most Indians therefore preferred to go there.

This interview, and my refusal to prosecute the assailants, produced such a profound impression, that the Europeans of Durban were ashamed of their conduct. The press declared me to be innocent and condemned the mob. Thus the lynching ultimately proved to be a blessing for me, that is for the cause. It enhanced the prestige of the Indian community in South Africa, and made my work easier.

The interview and my refusal to prosecute the attackers made a deep impression. The Europeans of Durban were ashamed of their conduct. The press declared me innocent and condemned the mob. In the end, the lynching proved to be a blessing for me, and therefore for the cause. It raised the standing of the Indian community in South Africa and made my work easier.

In three or four days, I went to my house and it was not long before I settled down again. The incident added also to my professional practice.

Three or four days later, I went home and soon settled back in. The incident also brought me more professional work.

But if it enhanced the prestige of the community, it also fanned the flame of prejudice against it. As soon as it was proved, that the Indian could put up a manly fight, he came to be regarded as a danger. Two bills were introduced in the Natal Legislative Assembly, one of them calculated to affect the Indian trader adversely, and the other to impose a stringent restriction on Indian immigration. Fortunately the fight for the franchise had resulted in a decision to the effect, that no enactment might be passed against the Indians as such, that is to say that the law should make no distinctions of colour or race. The language of the bills above mentioned made them applicable to all, but their object undoubtedly was to impose further restrictions on the Indian residents of Natal.

But if it raised the community’s standing, it also fueled prejudice against the community. As soon as Indians proved they could put up a brave fight, they came to be seen as a danger. Two bills were introduced in the Natal Legislative Assembly. One was designed to harm Indian traders, and the other to place strict limits on Indian immigration. Fortunately, the fight for the right to vote had led to a decision that no law could be passed against Indians as such. In other words, the law could not make distinctions based on color or race. The bills were worded to apply to everyone, but their purpose was undoubtedly to place further restrictions on Indian residents of Natal.

The bills considerably increased my public work, and made the community more alive than ever to their sense of duty. They were translated into Indian languages and fully explained, so as to bring home to the community their subtle implications. We appealed to the Colonial Secretary, but he refused to interfere and the bills became law.

The bills greatly increased my public work and made the community more aware of its duty than ever. The bills were translated into Indian languages and fully explained so the community would understand their subtle implications. We appealed to the Colonial Secretary, but he refused to intervene, and the bills became law.

Public work now began to absorb most of my time. Sjt. Mansukhlal Naazar, who, as I have said, was already in Durban, came to stay with me, and as he gave his time to public work, he lightened my burden to some extent.

Public work now began to take up most of my time. As I have said, Sjt. Mansukhlal Naazar was already in Durban. He came to stay with me, and because he devoted his time to public work, he eased my burden somewhat.

Sheth Adamji Miyakhan had, in my absence, discharged his duty with great credit. He had increased the membership, and added about £1,000 to the coffers of the Natal Indian Congress. The awakening caused by the bills, and the demonstration against the passengers I turned to good account by making an appeal for membership and funds, which now amounted to £5,000. My desire was to secure for the Congress a permanent fund, with which it might procure property of its own, and then carry on its work out of the rent of the property. This was my first experience of managing a public institution. I placed my proposal before my co-workers, and they welcomed it. The property that was purchased was leased out, and the rent was enough to meet the current expenses of the Congress. The property was vested in a strong body of trustees and is still there today, but it has become the source of much internecine quarrelling with the result, that the rent of the property now accumulates in the court.

While I was away, Sheth Adamji Miyakhan had done his duty admirably. He had increased membership and added about £1,000 to the Natal Indian Congress funds. The bills and the demonstration against the passengers had stirred public awareness. I made good use of this by appealing for members and funds. The funds now amounted to £5,000. I wanted to secure a permanent fund for the Congress so it could buy property. The Congress could then use the rent from the property to carry on its work. This was my first experience managing a public institution. I presented my proposal to my co-workers, and they welcomed it. The property we bought was rented out, and the rent was enough to cover the Congress’s current expenses. The property was placed in the hands of a strong group of trustees, and it remains there today. But it has become a source of bitter internal quarrels, and the rent now accumulates in court.

This sad situation developed after my departure from South Africa, but my idea of having permanent funds for public institutions underwent a change, long before this difference arose. And now after considerable experience with the many public institutions which I have managed, it has become my firm conviction, that it is not good to run public institutions on permanent funds. A permanent fund carries in itself the seed of the moral fall of the institution. A public institution means an institution conducted with the approval of, and from the funds of, the public. When such an institution ceases to have public support, it forfeits its right to exist. Institutions maintained on permanent funds are often found to ignore public opinion, and are frequently responsible for acts contrary to it. In our country we experience this at every step. Some of the so-called religious trusts have ceased to render any accounts. The trustees have become the owners and are responsible to none. I have no doubt that the ideal is for public institutions to live, like nature, from day to day.

This sad situation developed after I left South Africa. But my views on permanent funds for public institutions had changed long before this disagreement arose. Since then, I have gained considerable experience managing many public institutions. I am now firmly convinced that public institutions should not be run on permanent funds. A permanent fund carries the seed of an institution's moral downfall. A public institution is one that operates with public approval and is funded by the public. When it no longer has public support, it loses its right to exist. Institutions maintained by permanent funds often ignore public opinion and frequently act against it. In our country, we see this everywhere. Some so-called religious trusts have stopped giving any account of their finances. Their trustees have become the owners and are accountable to no one. I have no doubt that ideally, public institutions should live from day to day, as nature does.

The institution that fails to win public support has no right to exist as such. The subscriptions, that an institution annually receives, are a test of its popularity and the honesty of its management, and I am of opinion, that every institution should submit to that test.

An institution that fails to win public support has no right to exist as such. The donations an institution receives each year test its popularity and the honesty of its management. I believe every institution should face that test.

But let no one misunderstand me. My remarks do not apply to the bodies which cannot, by their very nature, be conducted without permanent buildings. What I mean to say is, that the current expenditure should be found from subscriptions voluntarily received from year to year.

But let no one misunderstand me. My remarks do not apply to organizations that, by their very nature, cannot operate without permanent buildings. I mean that ongoing expenses should be paid from voluntary subscriptions received each year.

These views were confirmed during the days of the Satyagraha in South Africa. That magnificent campaign extending over six years was carried on without permanent funds, though lakhs of rupees were necessary for it. I can recollect times, when I did not know what would happen the next day, if no subscriptions came in. But I shall not anticipate the future events. The reader will find the opinion expressed above amply borne out in the coming narrative.

These views were confirmed during the Satyagraha in South Africa. That magnificent campaign lasted over six years and was carried on without permanent funds, though it needed lakhs of rupees. I remember times when I did not know what would happen the next day if no contributions came in. But I will not go ahead of my story. The account to come will amply confirm the opinion expressed above.