Conclusion

He who, in regard to terrestrial magnetism, knows only the little figures of ducks which, with the aid of a magnet, are made to swim about in a basin of water, would find it difficult to understand that those toy-figures contain the secret of the mechanism of the universe and of the movement of worlds. He, whose knowledge of spiritism is confined to the table-turning which was the starting-point of the modern manifestations, is in a similar position; he regards it merely as an amusement, a social pastime, and cannot understand how a phenomenon so simple and so common, known to antiquity and even to savage tribes, can be connected with the weightiest questions of psychology and of human life. For the superficial observer, what connection can exist between a table that turns and the morality and future destiny of the human race? But as, from the simple pot which, in boiling, raises its lid (a pot, too, which has boiled from the remotest antiquity), there has issued the potent motor with whose aid man transports himself through space and suppresses distance, so, be it known to you, O ye who believe in nothing beyond the material world! there has issued, from the table-turning which provokes your disdainful smiles, a new philosophy that furnishes the solution of problems which no other has been able to solve. I appeal to all honest adversaries of spiritism, and I adjure them to say whether they have taken the trouble to study what they criticise; reminding them that criticism is necessarily of no value unless the critic knows what he is talking about. To ridicule that of which we know nothing, which we have not made the subject of conscientious examination, is not to criticise, but to give proof of frivolity and want of judgment. Assuredly, if we had presented this philosophy as being the product of a human brain, it would have met with less disdain, and would have had the honour of being examined by those who profess to be the leaders of opinion; but it claims to be derived from spirits; what an absurdity! It is scarcely held to deserve a single glance by those who judge it merely by its title, as the monkey in the fable judged of the nut by its husk. But put aside all thought of the origin of this book; suppose it to be the work of a man, and say, in truth and honesty, whether, after having carefully read it, you find in it anything to laugh at?

Someone may know about earthly magnetism only from the little toy ducks made to swim in a basin with a magnet. That person would find it hard to understand that these toys contain the secret of the universe’s workings and the movement of worlds. Someone who knows spiritism only through table-turning is in a similar position. Table-turning was the starting point of modern spirit manifestations. Such a person sees it merely as entertainment, a social pastime. They cannot understand how such a simple, common phenomenon could be connected with the most important questions of psychology and human life. It was known in ancient times and even among tribal peoples. To a superficial observer, what connection could there be between a turning table and the morality and future destiny of the human race? Consider a simple pot whose lid rises as its contents boil. Such pots have boiled since the most ancient times. Yet from this simple pot came the powerful engine that helps people travel through space and overcome distance. In the same way, let me tell you who believe in nothing beyond the material world: from the table-turning that makes you smile with scorn, a new philosophy has emerged. It offers solutions to problems that no other philosophy has been able to solve. I appeal to all honest opponents of spiritism and ask them to say whether they have bothered to study what they criticize. Criticism is necessarily worthless unless the critic knows what they are talking about. To ridicule something we know nothing about and have not examined conscientiously is not to criticize, but to show frivolity and poor judgment. Surely, if we had presented this philosophy as the product of a human mind, it would have met with less scorn. It would have had the honor of being examined by those who claim to lead public opinion. But it claims to come from spirits. What an absurdity! Those who judge it by its title alone think it hardly deserves a glance. They are like the monkey in the fable who judged the nut by its husk. But set aside all thoughts about the origin of this book. Suppose a person wrote it. After reading it carefully, can you honestly say that you find anything in it to laugh at?

Spiritism is the most formidable opponent of materialism, and it is therefore not surprising that it should have the materialists for adversaries; but as materialism is a doctrine which many of those who hold it hardly dare to avow, they cover their opposition with the mantle of reason and science. Their shafts are especially aimed at the marvellous and the supernatural, which they deny; and as, according to them, spiritism is founded on the marvellous and the supernatural, they declare that it can be nothing more than a ridiculous delusion.

Spiritism is the strongest opponent of materialism, so it is not surprising that materialists oppose it. But many materialists hardly dare admit that they believe in materialism. They cloak their opposition in reason and science. They aim their attacks especially at the marvellous and the supernatural, both of which they deny. They claim that spiritism is based on the marvellous and the supernatural. Therefore, they declare that it can be nothing more than a ridiculous delusion.

Strange to say, some of those who are most incredulous in regard to spiritism deny the possibility of its phenomena in the name of religion, of which they often know as little as they do of spiritism. They do not reflect that, in denying, without restriction, the possibility of the "marvellous" and the "supernatural," they deny religion, for religion is founded on revelation and miracles; and what is revelation if not extra-human communications? All the sacred writers, from Moses downwards, have spoken of this order of communications. And what are miracles if not facts of a character emphatically marvellous and supernatural, since they are, according to liturgical acceptation, derogations from the laws of nature, so that, in rejecting the marvellous and the supernatural, they reject the very basis of all religions? But it is not from this point of view that we have to consider the subject. Belief in spirit-manifestation does not necessarily settle the question of miracles; that is to say, whether God does, or does not, in certain cases, derogate from the eternal laws that regulate the universe; it leaves, in regard to this question, full liberty of belief to all. Spiritism says, and proves, that the phenomena on which it is based are supernatural only in appearance, that they only appear to some persons to be such, because they are unusual, and out of the pale of facts hitherto known; and that they are no more supernatural than all the other phenomena which the science of the present day is explaining, though they appeared to be "miraculous" in the past. All spiritist phenomena, without exception, are the consequence of general laws; they reveal to us one of the powers of nature, a power hitherto unknown, or rather that has not hitherto been understood, but which observation shows us to be included in the scheme of things. Spiritism, therefore, is founded less on the marvellous and the supernatural than is religion itself; and those who attack it on this score do so because they know not what it really is. As for those who oppose it in the name of science, we say to them, be they ever so learned, "If your science, which has taught you so many things, has not taught you that the domain of nature is infinite, you are scientific to very little purpose."

Strange as it may seem, some of the people most skeptical of spiritism deny its phenomena in the name of religion. Often, they know as little about religion as they do about spiritism. They do not stop to think that, by denying all possibility of the "marvellous" and the "supernatural," they deny religion itself. Religion is founded on revelation and miracles, and what is revelation if not communication from beyond humanity? All the sacred writers, from Moses onward, have spoken of such communications. And what are miracles if not events that are distinctly marvelous and supernatural? In religious usage, miracles are exceptions to the laws of nature. So, by rejecting the marvelous and the supernatural, these skeptics reject the very foundation of all religions. But that is not the point of view from which we must consider the subject. Belief in spirit manifestations does not necessarily settle the question of miracles. It does not settle whether God sometimes makes exceptions to the eternal laws governing the universe. On that question, everyone remains free to believe as they choose. Spiritism says and proves that the phenomena on which it rests only appear supernatural. Some people see them that way because they are unusual and fall outside the range of previously known facts. They are no more supernatural than the other phenomena that modern science is explaining, though those once seemed "miraculous." All spiritist phenomena, without exception, result from general laws. They reveal a power of nature that was previously unknown, or rather, not understood. Observation shows that this power is part of the natural order. Spiritism, therefore, is less dependent on the marvelous and supernatural than religion itself. Those who attack spiritism on these grounds do so because they do not know what it really is. As for those who oppose it in the name of science, however learned they may be, we say: "If your science, which has taught you so much, has not taught you that nature's domain is infinite, your scientific learning has served little purpose."

You say that you wish to cure your age of a malady of credulity that threatens to invade the world. Would you prefer to see the world invaded by the incredulity that you seek to propagate? Is it not to the absence of all belief that are to be attributed the relaxing of family-ties and the greater part of the disorders that are undermining society? By demonstrating the existence and immortality of the soul, spiritism revives faith in the future, raises the courage of those who are depressed, and enables us to bear the vicissitudes of life with resignation. Do you call this an evil? Two doctrinal theories are offered for our acceptance; one of them denies the existence of a future life, the other proclaims and proves it; one of them explains nothing, the other explains everything, and, by so doing, appeals to our reason; one of them is the justification of selfishness, the other gives a firm basis to justice, charity, and the love of one's fellow-creatures; one of them shows only the present and annihilates all hope, the other consoles us by showing the vast field of the future; which of the two is the more pernicious? There are some, among the most sceptical of our opponents, who give themselves out as apostles of fraternity and progress; but fraternity implies disinterestedness and abnegation of one's own personality, and by what right do you impose such a sacrifice on him to whom you affirm that, when he is dead, everything will be over for him, that soon, perhaps to-morrow, he will be nothing more than a worn-out machine, out of gear, and thrown aside as so much rubbish? Why, in that case, should he impose on himself any privation? Is it not more natural that he should resolve to live as agreeably as possible during the few brief instants you accord to him? And would not such a resolve naturally suggest to him the desire to possess largely in order to secure the largest amount of enjoyment? And would not this desire naturally give birth to jealousy of those who possess more than he does? And, from such jealousy to the desire to take from them what they possess, is there more than a single step? What is there, in fact, to restrain him from doing so? The law? But the law does not reach every case. Conscience? the sense of duty? But what, from your point of view, is conscience? and upon what do you base the sense of duty? Has that sense any motive or aim if it be true that everything ends for us with our present life? In connection with such a belief, only one maxim can be reasonably admitted—viz., "Every man for himself." Fraternity, conscience, duty, humanity, progress even, are but empty words. Ah! you who proclaim such a doctrine, you know not how much harm you do to society, nor of how many crimes you incur the responsibility! But why do we speak of responsibility? Nothing of the kind exists for the materialist; he renders homage only to matter.

You say you want to cure your age of a disease of gullibility that threatens to spread across the world. Would you rather see the world overtaken by the disbelief you seek to spread? Isn’t the absence of all belief responsible for weakening family ties and for most of the disorders undermining society? Spiritism demonstrates the existence and immortality of the soul. It restores faith in the future, gives courage to those who are depressed, and helps us accept life’s ups and downs. Do you call this an evil? We are offered two doctrines to accept. One denies the existence of life after death. The other declares and proves it. One explains nothing. The other explains everything and, in doing so, appeals to our reason. One justifies selfishness. The other provides a firm foundation for justice, charity, and love for our fellow human beings. One shows us only the present and destroys all hope. The other comforts us by showing us the vast possibilities of the future. Which of the two is more harmful? Some of our most skeptical opponents present themselves as advocates of brotherhood and progress. But brotherhood requires selflessness and the setting aside of personal interests. By what right do you demand such a sacrifice from someone you tell that everything ends when he dies? You tell him that soon, perhaps tomorrow, he will be nothing more than a worn-out machine, broken and thrown away like rubbish. Why, then, should he deny himself anything? Isn’t it more natural for him to decide to live as pleasantly as possible during the few brief moments you allow him? Wouldn’t that decision naturally lead him to want great wealth so that he can enjoy himself as much as possible? Wouldn’t that desire naturally make him jealous of those who have more than he does? And isn’t it just one step from such jealousy to wanting to take what they have? What, in fact, is there to stop him? The law? But the law does not cover every case. Conscience? A sense of duty? But from your point of view, what is conscience? And what do you base the sense of duty on? If everything ends for us with our present life, does that sense have any motive or purpose? With such a belief, only one principle can reasonably be accepted: "Every man for himself." Brotherhood, conscience, duty, humanity, and even progress are nothing but empty words. Ah! You who proclaim such a doctrine do not know how much harm you do to society, or how many crimes you are responsible for! But why do we speak of responsibility? Nothing of the kind exists for the materialist. He pays respect only to matter.

The progress of the human race results from the practical application of the law of justice, love, and charity. This law is founded on the certainty of the future; take away that certainty, and you take away its corner-stone. It is from this law that all other laws are derived, for it comprises all the conditions of human happiness; it alone can cure the evils of society; and the improvement that takes place in the conditions of social life, in proportion as this law is better understood and better carried out in action, becomes clearly apparent when we compare the various ages and peoples of the earth. And if the partial and incomplete application of this law have sufficed to produce an appreciable improvement in social conditions, what will it not effect when it shall have become the basis of all social institutions? Is such a result possible? Yes; for as the human race has already accomplished ten steps, it is evident that it can accomplish twenty, and so on. We can infer the future from the past. We see that the antipathies between different nations are beginning to melt away; that the barriers which separated them are being overthrown by the progress of civilisation, and that they are joining hands from one end of the world to the other. A larger measure of justice has been introduced into international law; wars occur less frequently, and do not exclude the exercise of humane sentiments; uniformity is being gradually established in the relations of life; the distinctions of races and castes are being effaced, and men of different religious beliefs are imposing silence on sectional prejudices, that they may unite in adoration of one and the same God. We speak of the nations who are at the head of civilisation (789-793). In all these relations, men are still far from perfection, and there are still many old ruins to be pulled down before the last vestiges of barbarism will have been cleared away; but can those ruins withstand the irresistible action of progress, that living force which is itself a law of nature? If the present generation is more advanced than the last, why should not the next be more advanced than the present one? It will necessarily be so through the force of things; in the first place, because each generation, as it passes away, carries with it some of the champions of old abuses, and society is thus gradually reconstituted with new elements that have thrown aside antiquated prejudices; in the second place, because, when men have come to desire progress, they study the obstacles which impede it, and set themselves to get rid of them. The fact of the progressive movement of human society being incontestable, there can be no doubt that progress will continue to be made in the future.

The human race progresses by putting the law of justice, love, and charity into practice. This law rests on certainty about the future. Take away that certainty, and you take away its foundation. All other laws come from this law, because it includes all the conditions needed for human happiness. It alone can cure society’s ills. We can see how social conditions improve as people understand this law better and put it into practice. This becomes clear when we compare different ages and peoples of the earth. Even the partial and incomplete application of this law has produced a noticeable improvement in social conditions. What, then, might it achieve if it became the basis of all social institutions? Is that possible? Yes. Since the human race has already taken ten steps, it can clearly take twenty, and continue onward. We can infer the future from the past. We see hostility between nations beginning to fade. The progress of civilization is breaking down the barriers that separated them. Nations are joining hands across the world. International law has become more just. Wars occur less often, and even during wars people show humane feelings. The ways people relate to one another are gradually becoming more uniform. Distinctions of race and caste are fading. People of different faiths are setting aside sectarian prejudices so they can join in worshipping the same God. We are speaking of the nations at the forefront of civilization (789-793). In all these areas, people are still far from perfect. Many old ruins must still be torn down before the last traces of barbarism disappear. But can those ruins withstand the irresistible force of progress? Progress is a living force and itself a law of nature. If the present generation is more advanced than the last, why should the next not be more advanced than this one? The natural course of events makes this inevitable. First, as each generation passes away, some defenders of old abuses pass away with it. Society is gradually rebuilt with new elements that have cast aside outdated prejudices. Second, when people come to desire progress, they study the obstacles in its way and set out to remove them. Human society is unquestionably moving forward. So there can be no doubt that it will continue to progress in the future.

Man desires to be happy; it is in his nature so to do. He only strives after progress in order to add to the sum of his happiness, but for which result progress would have no object; for where would be the value of progress for him if it did not improve his position? But when he shall have obtained all the enjoyments that can be afforded by intellectual progress, he will perceive that he has not obtained complete happiness, and that this happiness is impossible without security in the social relations; and as he can only obtain this security through the moral progress of society in general, he will be led, by the force of things, to labour for that end, to the attainment of which, spiritism will furnish him with the most effectual means.

People naturally desire happiness. They strive for progress only to increase their happiness. Without that result, progress would have no purpose. What value would progress have if it did not improve their position? But even after gaining all the pleasures intellectual progress can offer, they will realize they have not found complete happiness. They will see that complete happiness is impossible without security in their social relationships. And they can achieve this security only through the moral progress of society as a whole. So circumstances will lead them to work toward that end. Spiritism will give them the most effective means of achieving it.

Those who complain that spiritist belief is spreading in all directions and threatening to invade the world, thereby proclaim its power; for no opinion that is not founded on reason and on fact could become general. Therefore, if spiritism is taking root everywhere, making converts in every rank of society, and especially among the educated classes, as is admitted by all to be the case, it is evident that it must be founded in truth. That being so, all the efforts of its detractors will be made in vain; an assertion borne out by the fact that the ridicule attempted to be heaped upon it by those who have hoped thereby to arrest its march seems only to have given it new life. This result fully justifies the assurances that have been so constantly given us by our spirit-friends, who have repeatedly said to us, "Do not allow yourself to be made uneasy by opposition. Whatever is done against you will turn to your advantage, and your bitterest opponents will serve you in spite of themselves. Against the will of God, the ill-will of men is of no avail."

Those who complain that spiritist belief is spreading everywhere and threatening to take over the world are declaring its power. No belief could become widespread unless it were based on reason and fact. Spiritism is taking root everywhere and gaining converts at every level of society, especially among the educated. Everyone admits this is happening. Therefore, it is clear that spiritism must be based on truth. If that is so, all the efforts of its critics will be in vain. Indeed, some have tried to stop its progress by ridiculing it. But their ridicule seems only to have given it new life. This result fully confirms the assurances our spirit-friends have so often given us. They have repeatedly told us, "Do not let opposition worry you. Whatever is done against you will turn to your advantage, and your bitterest opponents will serve you in spite of themselves. Against the will of God, human ill will is powerless."

Through the moral teachings of spiritism, the human race will enter upon a new phase of its destiny; that of the moral progress which is the inevitable consequence of this belief. The rapid spread of spiritist ideas should cause no surprise, being due to the profound satisfaction they give to those who adopt them with intelligence and sincerity; and as happiness is what men desire above all things, it is not surprising that they should embrace ideas which impart so much happiness to those who hold them.

Through the moral teachings of spiritism, humanity will enter a new phase of its destiny. This phase will bring moral progress, which inevitably follows from this belief. The rapid spread of spiritist ideas should not be surprising. They give deep satisfaction to those who adopt them intelligently and sincerely. People desire happiness above all else. So it is no surprise that they embrace ideas that bring their followers so much happiness.

The development of these ideas presents three distinct periods. The first is that of curiosity, excited by the strangeness of the phenomena produced; the second, that of reasoning and philosophy; the third, that of application and consequences. The period of curiosity is gone by, for curiosity has only a brief existence; the mind, when satisfied in regard to any novelty, quitting it at once for another, as is not its habit in regard to subjects that awaken graver thought and that appeal to the judgment. The second period has already begun; the third will certainly follow. The progress of spiritism has been specially rapid since its essential nature and its scope have been more correctly understood, because it touches the most sensitive fibre of the human heart, viz., the desire of happiness, which it augments immeasurably, even in the present world; this, as previously remarked, is the cause of its wide acceptance, the secret of the force that will make it triumph. It renders happy those who understand it, while awaiting the extension of its influence over the masses. How many a spiritist, who has never witnessed any of the physical phenomena of spirit-manifestation, says to himself, "Besides the phenomena of spiritism, there is its philosophy, which explains what no other has ever explained. That philosophy furnishes me, through arguments drawn from reason only and independently of any sanction but that of reason, with a rational solution of problems that are of the most vital importance to my future; it gives me calmness, security, confidence; it delivers me from the torments of uncertainty. In comparison with results so valuable, the question of the physical phenomena is of secondary importance."

The development of these ideas has three distinct periods. The first is curiosity, stirred by the strange phenomena. The second is reasoning and philosophy; the third is application and consequences. The period of curiosity has passed, because curiosity does not last long. Once the mind is satisfied about something new, it immediately moves on to another novelty. But this is not how it treats subjects that inspire deeper thought and appeal to judgment. The second period has already begun, and the third will certainly follow. Spiritism has progressed especially rapidly since its essential nature and scope have become better understood. It touches the most sensitive part of the human heart, the desire for happiness. Spiritism greatly increases that happiness, even in this world. As noted earlier, this explains its wide acceptance and is the secret of the force that will make it triumph. It makes those who understand it happy, while they await the spread of its influence among the masses. Many a spiritist who has never witnessed the physical phenomena of spirit manifestation says to himself: "Besides the phenomena of spiritism, there is its philosophy, which explains what no other philosophy has ever explained. Using arguments drawn from reason alone, it gives me a rational solution to problems vital to my future. It needs no authority beyond reason itself. It gives me calmness, security, and confidence. It frees me from the torment of uncertainty. Compared with such valuable results, the question of physical phenomena is of secondary importance."

To those who attack this philosophy, we reply, "Would you like to have a means of combating it successfully? If so, here it is: Bring forward something better in its place; find a more philosophic solution of the problems it solves: give to man another certainty that shall render him still happier. But you must thoroughly understand the meaning of the word certainty, for man only accepts as certain what appears to him to be reasonable. You must not content yourselves with saying that the thing is not so, which is a mode of proceeding altogether too easy. You must prove, not by negation, but by facts, that what we assert to exist has no existence, has never been, and cannot be, and above all, having shown that it has no existence, you must show what you have to offer in its place; and you must prove that the tendency of spiritism is not to make men better, and consequently happier, by the practice of the purest morality—that sublime and simple morality of the Gospels, which men praise so much, and practise so little. When you have done all this, you will have a right to attack it."

To those who attack this philosophy, we reply, "Would you like a way to challenge it successfully? If so, here it is: Offer something better in its place. Find a more philosophical solution to the problems it solves. Give people another certainty that will make them even happier. But you must fully understand the meaning of the word certainty, for people only accept as certain what seems reasonable to them. "You must not simply say that it is not so. That is far too easy. You must prove, not by denial but by facts, that what we say exists does not exist, has never existed, and cannot exist. Above all, once you have shown that it does not exist, you must show what you have to offer in its place. You must also prove that spiritism does not make people better, and therefore happier, through the practice of the purest morality. This is the sublime and simple morality of the Gospels, which people praise so much and practice so little. When you have done all this, you will have a right to attack it."

Spiritism is strong because its bases are those of religion itself, viz., God, the soul, the rewards and punishments of the future; because it shows those rewards and punishments to be the natural consequences of the earthly life; and because, in the picture it presents of the future, there is nothing which the most logical mind could regard as contrary to reason. What compensation can you offer for the sufferings of the present life, you whose whole doctrine consists in the negation of the future? You base your teachings on incredulity; spiritism is based on confidence in God; while the latter invites all men to happiness, to hope, to true fraternity, you offer them, in prospect, annihilation, and in the present, by way of consolation, selfishness: it explains everything, and you explain nothing; it proves by facts, while your assertions are devoid of proof. How can you expect that the world should hesitate between these two doctrines?

Spiritism is strong because it rests on the same foundations as religion: God, the soul, and future rewards and punishments. It shows that those rewards and punishments are the natural consequences of life on earth. Its picture of the future contains nothing that even the most logical mind could regard as contrary to reason. What comfort can you offer for the suffering of this life? Your whole doctrine denies that there is a future. You base your teachings on disbelief, while spiritism is based on trust in God. Spiritism offers everyone happiness, hope, and true fellowship. You offer them the prospect of annihilation and, for comfort in the present, selfishness. Spiritism explains everything, while you explain nothing. It proves its claims with facts, while your assertions have no proof. How can you expect the world to hesitate between these two doctrines?

To suppose that spiritism derives its strength from the physical manifestations, and that it might therefore be put an end to by hindering those manifestations, is to form to one's self a very false idea of it. Its strength is in its philosophy, in the appeal it makes to reason, to common sense. In ancient times it was the object of mysterious studies, carefully hidden from the vulgar; at the present day it has no secrets, but speaks clearly, without ambiguity, mysticism, or allegories susceptible of false interpretations. The time having come for making known the truth, its language is such as all may comprehend. So far from being opposed to the diffusion of the light, the new revelation is intended for all mankind; it does not claim a blind acceptance, but urges every one to examine the grounds of his belief, and as its teachings are based upon reason, it will always be stronger than those who base their arguments upon annihilation. Would it be possible to put a stop to spirit-manifestations, by placing obstacles in the way of their production? No; for such an attempt would have the effect of all persecutions, viz., that of exciting curiosity, and the desire of making acquaintance with a forbidden subject. Were spirit-manifestations the privilege of a single individual, it would undoubtedly be possible, by preventing his action, to put an end to them; but unfortunately for our adversaries, those manifestations are within everybody's reach, and are being obtained by all, from the highest to the lowest, from the palace to the cottage. It might be possible to prevent their production in public, but, as is well known, it is not in public, but in private, that they are most successfully produced; and as any one may be a medium, how would it be possible to prevent each family in the privacy of its home, each individual in the silence of his chamber, each prisoner, even, in his cell, from holding communication with the invisible beings around them, in the very presence of those who should endeavour to prevent them from doing so? If mediums were forbidden to exercise their faculty in one country, how would it be possible to hinder them from doing so elsewhere throughout the rest of the world, since there is not a single country, in either continent, in which mediums are not to be found? In order to shut up all the mediums, it would be necessary to incarcerate half the human race; and even if it were possible, which would scarcely be easier, to burn all the spiritist books in existence, they would at once be reproduced, because the source from which they emanate is beyond the reach of attack, and it is impossible to imprison or to burn the spirits who are their real authors.

It is a serious mistake to suppose that spiritism draws its strength from physical manifestations. It is equally mistaken to think it could be stopped by preventing those manifestations. Its strength lies in its philosophy and its appeal to reason and common sense. In ancient times, spiritism was the subject of secret studies, carefully hidden from ordinary people. Today it has no secrets. It speaks clearly, without ambiguity, mysticism, or allegories that could be misinterpreted. The time has come to make the truth known, and its language is understandable to everyone. Far from opposing the spread of this light, the new revelation is intended for all humanity. It does not demand blind acceptance. Instead, it urges everyone to examine the grounds for their beliefs. Because its teachings are based on reason, it will always be stronger than those who base their arguments on annihilation. Could spirit manifestations be stopped by putting obstacles in their way? No. Such an attempt would have the effect of all persecution. It would arouse curiosity and the desire to learn about a forbidden subject. If only one person could produce spirit manifestations, stopping that person would undoubtedly put an end to them. But unfortunately for our opponents, these manifestations are within everyone's reach. People of every rank are producing them, from the highest to the lowest, from the palace to the cottage. It might be possible to prevent manifestations in public. But as is well known, they are produced most successfully in private, not in public. Anyone can be a medium. So how could anyone stop a family in the privacy of its home from communicating with the invisible beings around them? How could anyone stop a person in the silence of their room, or even a prisoner in a cell? They could communicate in the very presence of those trying to prevent them. If mediums were forbidden to exercise their ability in one country, how could they be stopped elsewhere in the world? Mediums can be found in every country on both continents. To lock up all mediums, it would be necessary to imprison half the human race. Even if it were possible to burn every spiritist book, which would scarcely be easier, the books would immediately be reproduced. Their source is beyond the reach of attack. It is impossible to imprison or burn the spirits who are their real authors.

Spiritism is not the work of any man; no one can claim to have created it, for it is as old as creation itself. It is to be found everywhere, in all religions, and in the Catholic religion even more than in the others, and with more authoritative inculcation, for the Catholic dogma contains all that constitutes spiritism;—admission of the existence of spirits of every degree; their relations, occult and patent, with mankind; guardian-angels, reincarnation, the emancipation of the soul during the present life, second-sight, visions, and manifestations of every kind, including even tangible apparitions. As for demons, they are nothing else than bad spirits; and with the exception of the belief that the former are doomed to evil for ever, while the path of progress is not closed against the others, there is, between them, only a difference of name.

Spiritism is not the work of any person. No one can claim to have created it, because it is as old as creation itself. It is found everywhere, in all religions. It is found even more in the Catholic religion than in others, and is taught there with greater authority. Catholic doctrine contains everything that makes up spiritism: belief in spirits of every degree and their hidden and open relations with humanity. It also includes guardian angels, reincarnation, the soul’s freedom during this life, second sight, visions, and manifestations of every kind. These include even apparitions that can be touched. Demons are simply bad spirits. The only difference between them is their name, apart from one belief. Demons are believed to be doomed to evil forever, while other bad spirits can still progress.

What is the special and peculiar work of modern spiritism? To make a coherent whole of what has hitherto been scattered; to explain, in clear and precise terms, what has hitherto been wrapped up in the language of allegory; to eliminate the products of superstition and ignorance from human belief, leaving only what is real and actual: this is its mission, but that of a founder does not belong to it. It renders evident that which already exists; it coordinates, but it creates nothing, for its elements are of all countries and of every age. Who, then, could flatter himself with the hope of being able to stifle it, either by ridicule or by persecution? If it were possible to proscribe it in one place, it would reappear in another, or on the very spot from which it had been banished, because it exists in the constitution of things, and because no man can annihilate that which is one of the powers of nature, or veto that which exists in virtue of the Divine decrees.

What is the distinctive work of modern spiritism? Its mission is to bring together what has been scattered. It explains clearly and precisely what has been hidden in allegory. It removes superstition and ignorance from human belief, leaving only what is real and actual. But its mission is not to found something new. It makes clear what already exists. It organizes, but creates nothing, because its elements come from every country and every age. Who, then, could hope to suppress it through ridicule or persecution? If it could be banned in one place, it would reappear elsewhere or even where it had been banished. For it exists in the nature of things. No one can destroy a power of nature or forbid what exists by divine decree.

But what interest could any Government have in opposing the propagation of spiritist ideas? Those ideas, it is true, are a protest against the abuses that spring from pride and selfishness; but although such abuses are profitable to the few, they are injurious to the many, and spiritism would therefore have the masses on its side, while its only adversaries would be those who profit by the abuses against which it protests. So far from Governments having anything to dread from the spread of spiritist ideas, the tendency of those ideas being to render men more benevolent towards one another, less greedy of material things, and more resigned to the orderings of Providence, they constitute, for the State, a guarantee of order and of tranquillity.

But why would any government want to oppose the spread of spiritist ideas? These ideas do protest against abuses that arise from pride and selfishness. But although such abuses benefit a few people, they harm the many. Spiritism would therefore have the masses on its side. Its only opponents would be those who profit from the abuses it protests against. Far from giving governments anything to fear, spiritist ideas encourage people to be kinder to one another, less greedy for material things, and more accepting of the will of Providence. They therefore guarantee order and peace for the state.

Spiritism presents three different aspects, viz., the facts of spirit-manifestation, the philosophic and moral principles deducible from those facts, and the practical applications of which those principles are susceptible; hence three classes into which its adherents are naturally divided, or rather, three degrees of advancement by which they are distinguished: 1st, Those who believe in the reality and genuineness of the spirit-manifestations, but confine themselves to the attestation of these, and for whom spiritism is merely an experimental science; 2d, Those who comprehend its moral bearings; 3d, Those who put in practice, or, at least, endeavour to put in practice, the system of morality which it is the mission of spiritism to establish. Whatever the point of view, experimental, scientific, or moral, from which these strange phenomena are considered, every one perceives that they are ushering in an entirely novel order of ideas, which must necessarily produce a profound modification of the state of the human race; and every one who understands the subject also perceives that this modification can only be for good.

Spiritism has three aspects: the facts of spirit manifestations, the philosophical and moral principles drawn from those facts, and the practical applications of those principles. Its followers naturally fall into three groups, or rather, three degrees of advancement: 1st, Those who believe spirit manifestations are real and genuine, but limit themselves to verifying them. For them, spiritism is merely an experimental science. 2d, Those who understand its moral implications. 3d, Those who practice, or at least try to practice, the system of morality that spiritism’s mission is to establish. These strange phenomena may be viewed from an experimental, scientific, or moral standpoint. Whatever the standpoint, everyone sees that they are bringing in an entirely new order of ideas. These ideas must profoundly change the state of the human race. And everyone who understands the subject also sees that this change can only be for the good.

As for our adversaries, they may also be grouped into three categories: 1st, Those who systematically deny whatever is new, or does not proceed from themselves, and who speak without knowing what they are talking about. To this class belong all those who admit nothing beyond the testimony of their senses; they have not seen anything, do not wish to see anything, and are still more unwilling to go deeply into anything; they would, in fact, be unwilling to see too clearly, for fear of being obliged to confess that they have been mistaken; they declare that spiritism is chimerical, insane, Utopian, and has no real existence, as the easiest way of settling the matter; they are the wilfully incredulous. With them may be classed those who have condescended to glance at the subject, in order to be able to say, "I have tried to see something of it, but I have not been able to succeed in doing so;" and who do not seem to be aware that half an hour's attention is not enough to make them acquainted with a new field of study; 2d, Those who, although perfectly aware of the genuineness of the phenomena, oppose the matter from interested motives. They know that spiritism is true; but being afraid of consequences, they attack it as an enemy. 3d, Those who dread the moral rules of spiritism as constituting too severe a censure of their acts and tendencies. A serious admission of the truth of spiritism would be in their way; they neither reject nor accept it, but prefer to close their eyes in regard to it. The first class is swayed by pride and presumption; the second by ambition; the third by selfishness. We should seek in vain for a fourth class of antagonists, viz., that of opponents who, basing their opposition on a careful and conscientious study of spiritism, should bring forward positive and irrefutable evidence of its falsity.

Our adversaries may also be grouped into three categories: 1st, Those who automatically reject anything new or anything that does not come from themselves. They speak without knowing what they are talking about. This class includes all those who accept nothing beyond the evidence of their senses. They have seen nothing, do not want to see anything, and are even less willing to investigate anything deeply. In fact, they would not want to see too clearly, for fear of having to admit they were wrong. They declare that spiritism is imaginary, insane, Utopian, and has no real existence. This is the easiest way to settle the matter. They are the deliberately skeptical. We may also include those who have deigned to take a glance at the subject. They do so to be able to say, "I have tried to see something of it, but I have not been able to succeed in doing so." They do not seem to realize that half an hour is not enough to learn about a new field of study. 2d, Those who know perfectly well that the phenomena are genuine but oppose spiritism out of self-interest. They know that spiritism is true, but they fear the consequences and attack it as an enemy. 3d, Those who fear the moral rules of spiritism because they condemn their actions and tendencies too severely. A serious acceptance of the truth of spiritism would stand in their way. They neither reject nor accept it, but prefer to close their eyes to it. The first class is driven by pride and presumption, the second by ambition, and the third by selfishness. We would search in vain for a fourth class of opponents. These would be people who oppose spiritism after a careful and conscientious study of it, and offer definite, irrefutable evidence that it is false.

It would be hoping too much of human nature to imagine that it could be suddenly transformed by spiritist ideas. The action of these undoubtedly is not the same, nor is it equally powerful, in the case of all those by whom they are professed; but their result, however slight it may be, is always beneficial, if only by proving the existence of an extra-corporeal world, and thus disproving the doctrines of materialism. This result follows from a mere observation of the phenomena of spiritism; but, among those who, comprehending its philosophy, see in it something else than phenomena more or less curious, it produces other effects. The first and most general of these is the development of the religious sentiment, even in those who, without being materialists, are indifferent to spiritual things; and this sentiment leads to contempt of death—we do not say to a desire for death, for the spiritist would defend his life like any one else, but to an indifference which causes him to accept death, when inevitable, without murmuring and without regret, as something to be welcomed rather than feared, owing to his certainty in regard to the state which follows it. The second effect of spiritist convictions is resignation under the vicissitudes of life. Spiritism leads us to consider everything from so elevated a point of view that the importance of terrestrial life is proportionally diminished, and we are less painfully affected by its tribulations; we have consequently more courage under affliction, more moderation in our desires, and also a more rooted repugnance to the idea of shortening our days, spiritism showing us that suicide always causes the loss of what it was intended to obtain. The certainty of a future which it depends on ourselves to render happy, the possibility of establishing relations with those who are dear to us in the other life, offer the highest of all consolations to the spiritist; and his field of view is widened to infinity by his constant beholding of the life beyond the grave, and his growing acquaintance with conditions of existence hitherto veiled in mystery. The third effect of spiritist ideas is to induce indulgence for the defects of others; but it must be admitted that, selfishness being the most tenacious of human sentiments, it is also the one which it is most difficult to extirpate. We are willing to make sacrifices provided they cost us nothing, and provided especially that they impose on us no privations; but money still exercises an irresistible attraction over the greater number of mankind, and very few understand the word "superfluity" in connection with their own personality. The abnegation of our personality is, therefore, the most eminent sign of progress.

It would be too much to hope that spiritist ideas could suddenly transform human nature. These ideas do not affect everyone who professes them in the same way or with equal force. But their effect, however slight, is always beneficial. At the very least, they prove the existence of a world outside the body and thus disprove the doctrines of materialism. Simply observing spiritist phenomena produces this result. But spiritist ideas have other effects on those who understand their philosophy and see more in them than merely curious phenomena. The first and most general effect is the growth of religious feeling. This happens even in those who, though not materialists, are indifferent to spiritual things. This feeling leads them to think little of death. We do not mean a desire for death, for a spiritist would defend his life like anyone else. Rather, he becomes indifferent to death and accepts it without complaint or regret when it is inevitable. He welcomes it rather than fears it because he is certain of what follows. The second effect of spiritist convictions is acceptance of life's ups and downs. Spiritism leads us to look at everything from a higher perspective. As a result, earthly life seems less important, and its troubles cause us less pain. We are therefore more courageous in suffering and more moderate in our desires. We also feel a deeper aversion to the idea of shortening our lives. Spiritism shows us that suicide always causes the loss of what it was intended to gain. The spiritist finds the greatest comfort in knowing that he can make his future happy. He also finds comfort in the possibility of communicating with loved ones in the other life. His outlook expands infinitely as he continually contemplates life beyond the grave. He also becomes more familiar with conditions of existence that were once hidden in mystery. The third effect of spiritist ideas is to make us more tolerant of others' faults. But we must admit that selfishness is the most persistent of human feelings and the hardest to root out. We are willing to make sacrifices, provided they cost us nothing. Above all, they must not require us to go without anything. Yet money still has an irresistible attraction for most people. Very few understand what "superfluity" means when it comes to themselves. Giving up our self-interest is therefore the greatest sign of progress.

"Do spirits," it is sometimes asked, "teach us anything new in the way of morality, anything superior to what has been taught by Christ? If the moral code of spiritism be no other than that of the gospel, what is the use of it?" This mode of reasoning is singularly like that of the Caliph Omar, in speaking of the Library of Alexandria:—"If," said he, "it contains only what is found in the Koran, it is useless, and in that case must be burned; if it contains anything that is not found in the Koran, it is bad, and in that case, also, it must be burned." No; the morality of spiritism is not different from that of Jesus; but we have to ask, in our turn, whether, before Christ, men had not the law given by God to Moses? Is not the doctrine of Christ to be found in the Decalogue? But will it therefore be contended that the moral teaching of Jesus is useless? We ask, still further, of those who deny the utility of the moral teachings of spiritism, why it is that the moral teachings of Christ are so little practised, and why it is that those who rightly proclaim their sublimity are the first to violate the first of His laws, viz., that of universal charity? Spirits now come not only to confirm it, but also to show us its practical utility; they render intelligible, patent, truths that have hitherto been taught under the form of allegory; and, with this reinculcation of the eternal truths of morality, they also give us the solution of the most abstract problems of psychology. Jesus came to show men the road to true goodness. Since God sent Him to recall to men's mind the divine law they had forgotten, why should He not send spirits to recall it to their memory once again, and with still greater precision, now that they are forgetting it in their devotion to pride and to material gain? Who shall take upon himself to set bounds to the power of God, or to dictate His ways? Who shall say that the appointed time has not arrived, as it is declared to have done by spirits, when truths hitherto unknown or misunderstood are to be openly proclaimed to the human race, in order to hasten its advancement? Is there not something evidently providential in the fact that spirit-manifestations are being made on all points of the globe? It is not a single man, an isolated prophet, who comes to arouse us; light is breaking forth on all sides, and a new world is being opened out before our eyes. As the invention of the microscope has revealed to us the world of the infinitely little, the existence of which was unsuspected by us, and as the telescope has revealed to us the myriads of worlds the existence of which we suspected just as little,— so the spirit-communications of the present day are revealing to us the existence of an invisible world that surrounds us on all sides, that is incessantly in contact with us, and that takes part, unknown to us, in everything we do. Yet a short time, and the existence of that world, which is awaiting every one of us, will be as incontestible as is that of the microscopic world, and of the infinity of globes in space. Is it nothing to have made known that new world, to have initiated us into the mysteries of the life beyond the grave?

People sometimes ask, "Do spirits teach us anything new about morality, anything better than what Christ taught? If the moral code of spiritism is no different from that of the gospel, what use is it?" This reasoning is remarkably like that of Caliph Omar when he spoke of the Library of Alexandria: "If it contains only what is found in the Koran, it is useless and must be burned. If it contains anything not found in the Koran, it is bad and must also be burned." No, the morality of spiritism is no different from that of Jesus. But we must ask in return: before Christ, did people not have the law God gave to Moses? Is the teaching of Christ not found in the Decalogue? Would anyone therefore argue that the moral teaching of Jesus is useless? We have another question for those who deny the usefulness of the moral teachings of spiritism. Why are the moral teachings of Christ so rarely put into practice? Why are those who rightly praise their greatness the first to break his first law, that of universal charity? Spirits now come not only to confirm that law, but also to show us its practical value. They make clear and evident truths that until now have been taught in allegories. They teach these eternal moral truths again. They also give us solutions to the most abstract problems of psychology. Jesus came to show people the way to true goodness. God sent him to remind people of the divine law they had forgotten. Why, then, should God not send spirits to remind them once again, and with even greater precision? For people are now forgetting that law in their devotion to pride and material gain. Who will presume to set limits on God's power or dictate his ways? Who will say that the appointed time has not come, as spirits declare it has? It is the time when truths until now unknown or misunderstood are to be openly proclaimed to humanity, to hasten its advancement. Is there not something plainly providential about spirit manifestations occurring all over the globe? It is not one person, one isolated prophet, who comes to awaken us. Light is breaking forth on all sides, and a new world is opening before our eyes. The microscope revealed the world of the infinitely small, whose existence we had not suspected. The telescope revealed countless worlds whose existence we had not suspected either. In the same way, present-day communications from spirits reveal an invisible world that surrounds us on all sides. It is constantly in contact with us and, without our knowing it, takes part in everything we do. Before long, the existence of that world, which awaits every one of us, will be beyond dispute. It will be as certain as the existence of the microscopic world and the countless globes in space. Is it nothing to have made this new world known? Is it nothing to have introduced us to the mysteries of life beyond the grave?

It is true that these discoveries, if such they can be called, are contrary to certain received ideas; but have not all great scientific discoveries modified, and even overthrown, ideas as fully received by the world, and has not our pride of opinion had to yield to evidence? It will be the same in regard to spiritism, which ere long will have taken its place among the other branches of human knowledge.

It is true that these discoveries, if they can be called discoveries, go against certain accepted ideas. But haven't all great scientific discoveries changed or even overturned ideas that were just as widely accepted? Hasn't our pride in our opinions had to yield to evidence? The same will be true of spiritism. Before long, it will take its place among the other branches of human knowledge.

Communication with the beings of the world beyond the grave enables us to see and to comprehend the life to come, initiates us into the joys and sorrows that await us therein according to our deserts, and thus brings back to spiritualism those who had come to see in man only matter, only an organised machine; we are therefore justified in asserting that the facts of spiritism have given the death-blow to materialism. Had spiritism done nothing more than this, it would be entitled to the gratitude of all the friends of social order; but it does much more than this, for it shows the inevitable results of evil, and, consequently, the necessity of goodness. The number of those whom it has brought back to better sentiments, whose evil tendencies it has neutralised, and whom it has turned from wrong-doing, is already larger than is usually supposed, and is becoming still more considerable every day; because the future is no longer for them a vague imagining, a mere hope, but a fact, the reality of which is felt and understood when they see and hear those who have left us lamenting or rejoicing over what they did when they were upon the earth. Whoever witnesses these communications begins to reflect on the reality thus brought home to him, and to feel the need of self-examination, self-judgment, and self-amendment.

Communication with beings in the world beyond the grave allows us to see and understand the life to come. It reveals the joys and sorrows that await us there, according to what we deserve. It thus brings back to spiritualism those who had come to see humans as nothing but matter, mere organized machines. We are therefore justified in saying that the facts of spiritism have dealt a death blow to materialism. If spiritism had done nothing more than this, it would deserve the gratitude of all friends of social order. But it does much more. It shows the inevitable consequences of evil and, therefore, the need for goodness. Spiritism has brought people back to better feelings, countered their evil tendencies, and turned them away from wrongdoing. Their number is already larger than people usually suppose, and it grows still larger every day. For them, the future is no longer a vague idea or a mere hope, but a fact. They feel and understand its reality when they see and hear those who have left us expressing sorrow or joy over what they did on earth. Anyone who witnesses these communications begins to reflect on the reality brought home to them. They also begin to feel the need to examine, judge, and improve themselves.

The fact that differences of opinion exist among spiritists in regard to certain points of doctrine has been used by opponents as a handle against it. It is not surprising that, in the beginning of a new science, when the observations on which it is based are still incomplete, the subjects of which it treats should have been regarded by its various adherents from their own point of view, and that contradictory theories should thus have been put forth. But a deeper study of the facts in question has already overthrown most of those theories, and, among others, that which attributed all spirit-communications to evil spirits, as though it were impossible for God to send good spirits to men; a supposition that is at once absurd, because it is in opposition to the facts of the case, and impious, because it is a denial of the power and goodness of the Creator. Our spirit-guides have always advised us not to trouble ourselves about divergences of opinion among spiritists, assuring us that unity of doctrine will eventually be established; and we accordingly see that this unity has already been arrived at in regard to the major part of the points at issue, and that divergences of opinion, in regard to the others, are disappearing day by day.

Opponents have used differences of opinion among spiritists on certain points of doctrine as an argument against Spiritism. But such differences are not surprising at the beginning of a new science, when the observations on which it rests are still incomplete. Its followers have viewed its subjects from their own perspectives and proposed contradictory theories. But a closer study of the facts has already overturned most of these theories. One of them claimed that all spirit communications came from evil spirits, as though God could not send good spirits to people. This claim is absurd because it contradicts the facts. It is also impious because it denies the Creator's power and goodness. Our spirit guides have always advised us not to worry about differences of opinion among spiritists. They assure us that unity of doctrine will eventually be established. And we can see that agreement has already been reached on most of the disputed points. Differences of opinion on the others are disappearing day by day.

To the question, "While awaiting the establishment of doctrinal unity, upon what basis can an impartial and disinterested inquirer arrive at a judgment as to the relative merits of the various theories put forth by spirits?" the following reply was given:—

The following answer was given to this question: "Until unity of doctrine is established, how can an impartial, disinterested inquirer judge the relative merits of the various theories put forward by spirits?"

"The purest light is that which is not obscured by any cloud; the most precious diamond is the one which is without a flaw; judge the communications of spirits, in like manner, by the purity of their teachings. Do not forget that there are, among spirits, many who have not yet freed themselves from their earthly ideas. Learn to distinguish them by their language; judge them by the sum of what they tell you; see whether there is logical sequence in the ideas they suggest, whether there is, in their statements, nothing that betrays ignorance, pride, or malevolence; in a word, whether their communications always bear the stamp of wisdom that attests true superiority. If your world were inaccessible to error, it would be perfect, which it is far from being; you have still to learn to distinguish error from truth; you need the lessons of experience to exercise your judgment and to bring you on. The basis of unity will be found in the body of doctrine among the adherents of which good has never been mixed with evil; men will rally spontaneously to that doctrine, because they will judge it to be the truth.

"The purest light is not hidden by any cloud. The most precious diamond is flawless. In the same way, judge communications from spirits by the purity of their teachings. Remember that many spirits have not yet freed themselves from their earthly ideas. Learn to tell them apart by their language. Judge them by everything they tell you. See whether their ideas follow logically and whether anything they say reveals ignorance, pride, or ill will. In short, see whether their communications always show the wisdom that marks true superiority. If your world were free from error, it would be perfect. But it is far from perfect. You still have to learn to distinguish error from truth. You need the lessons of experience to develop your judgment and help you progress. The basis for unity will be found in the teachings of a doctrine whose followers have never mixed good with evil. People will naturally rally to that doctrine because they will judge it to be the truth.

"But what matter a few dissidences of opinion, more apparent than real? The fundamental principles of spiritism are everywhere the same, and should unite you all in a common bond; that of the love of God and the practice of goodness. Whatever you suppose to be the mode of progression and the normal conditions of your future existence, the aim proposed is still the same, viz., to do right; and there is but one way of doing That"

"But what do a few differences of opinion matter, when they are more apparent than real? The basic principles of spiritism are the same everywhere. They should unite you all through your love of God and practice of goodness. Whatever you believe about how you progress and the normal conditions of your future existence, the goal is the same: to do right; and there is only one way to do that"

If there be, among spiritists, differences of opinion in regard to some points of theory, all of them are agreed in regard to the fundamentals of the matter; unity, therefore, already exists among them, with the exception of the very small number of those who do not yet admit the intervention of spirits in the manifestations, and who attribute these either to purely physical causes, which is contrary to the axiom, "Every intelligent effect must have an intelligent cause," or to a reflex action of our own thought, which is disproved by the facts of the case. There may, then, be different schools, seeking light in regard to the points of spiritist doctrine that are still open to controversy; there ought not to be rival sects, making opposition to one another. Antagonism should only exist between those who desire goodness, and those who desire, or do, evil; but no one who has sincerely adopted the broad principles of morality laid down by spiritism can desire evil or wish ill to his neighbour, whatever may be his opinions in regard to points of secondary importance. If any school be in error, it will obtain light, sooner or later, if it seeks honestly and without prejudice; and all schools possess, meanwhile, a common bond that should unite them in the same sentiment. All of them have a common aim; it matters little what road they take, provided it leads to the common goal. None should attempt to impose their opinion by force, whether physical or moral; and any school that should hurl its anathema at another would be clearly in the wrong, for it would evidently be acting under the influence of evil spirits. The only force of an argument is its intrinsic reasonableness; and moderation will do more to ensure the triumph of the truth than diatribes envenomed by envy and jealousy. Good spirits preach only union and the love of the neighbour; and nothing malevolent or uncharitable can ever proceed from a pure source.

Spiritists may disagree on some points of theory, but they all agree on the fundamentals. Unity therefore already exists among them, with one exception. A very small number do not yet accept that spirits take part in the manifestations. They attribute the manifestations either to purely physical causes or to a reflection of our own thoughts. The first explanation contradicts the axiom, "Every intelligent effect must have an intelligent cause." The second is disproved by the facts. There may, then, be different schools seeking clarity on points of spiritist doctrine that are still open to debate. But there should not be rival sects opposing one another. Antagonism should exist only between those who desire goodness and those who desire or do evil. Anyone who has sincerely accepted the broad moral principles of spiritism cannot desire evil or wish a neighbor harm. This holds true whatever their opinions on less important points. If any school is wrong, it will find clarity sooner or later, if it seeks honestly and without prejudice. Meanwhile, all schools share a bond that should unite them in the same sentiment. They all have a common aim. It matters little which road they take, provided it leads to that goal. None should try to impose its opinion by force, whether physical or moral. Any school that condemns another would clearly be wrong. It would plainly be acting under the influence of evil spirits. The only strength of an argument lies in its own reasonableness. Moderation will do more to ensure the triumph of truth than attacks poisoned by envy and jealousy. Good spirits preach only unity and love of one's neighbor. Nothing malicious or uncharitable can ever come from a pure source.

As bearing on the subject of the foregoing remarks, and also as a fitting termination of the present work, we subjoin the following message from the spirit of Saint Augustine—a message conveying counsels well worthy of being laid to heart by all who read it:—

The following message from the spirit of Saint Augustine relates to the preceding remarks and provides a fitting conclusion to this work. It offers advice that all who read it would do well to take to heart:

"Long enough have men torn one another to pieces, anathematising each other in the name of a God of peace and of mercy, whom they insult by such a sacrilege. Spiritism will eventually constitute a bond of union among them, by showing what is truth and what is error; but there will still be, and for a long time to come, scribes and pharisees who will reject it, as they rejected Christ. Would you know the quality of the spirits who influence the various sects into which the world is divided? Judge them by their deeds and by the principles they profess. Never did good spirits instigate to the commission of evil deeds; never did they counsel or condone murder or violence; never did they excite party-hatreds, the thirst for riches and honours, or greed of earthly things. They alone who are kind, humane, benevolent, to all, are counted as friends by spirits of high degree; they alone are counted as friends by Jesus, for they alone are following the road which He has shown them as the only one which leads to Him."

"People have torn one another apart for too long, condemning each other in the name of a God of peace and mercy. By such sacrilege, they insult God. Spiritism will eventually unite them by showing what is true and what is false. But for a long time to come, there will still be scribes and Pharisees who reject it, just as they rejected Christ. Do you want to know the nature of the spirits who influence the various sects into which the world is divided? Judge them by their deeds and the principles they profess. Good spirits have never urged anyone to do evil. They have never advised or excused murder or violence. They have never stirred up hatred between groups, a thirst for wealth and honors, or greed for earthly things. Only those who are kind, humane, and benevolent to all are counted as friends by spirits of high rank. Only they are counted as friends by Jesus. For only they follow the path he has shown them as the only one that leads to him."

Saint Augustine.

Saint Augustine.