Carneades’ Life
I. Carneades was the son of Epicomus, or Philocomus, as Alexander states in his Successions; and a native of Cyrene.
I. Carneades was the son of Epicomus, or Philocomus, according to Alexander in his Successions. He was from Cyrene.
II. He read all the books of the Stoics with great care, and especially those of Chrysippus; and then he wrote replies to them, but did it at the same time with such modesty that he used to say, “If Chrysippus had not lived, I should never have existed.”
II. He read all the Stoics’ books carefully, especially those by Chrysippus. He then wrote replies to them. But he did so modestly and used to say, “If Chrysippus had not lived, I would never have existed.”
III. He was a man of as great industry as ever existed; not, however, very much devoted to the investigation of subjects of natural philosophy, but more fond of the discussion of ethical topics, on which account he used to let his hair and his nails grow, from his entire devotion of all his time to philosophical discussion. And he was so eminent as a philosopher, that the orators would quit their own schools and come and listen to his lectures.
III. He was as hardworking as anyone who ever lived. He was not very interested in studying nature, however, and preferred discussing ethics. He devoted all his time to philosophical discussion, so he let his hair and nails grow. He was such an eminent philosopher that orators would leave their own schools to hear his lectures.
IV. He was also a man of a very powerful voice, so that the president of the Gymnasium sent to him once, to desire he would not shout so loudly. And he replied, “Give me then, measure for my voice.” And the gymnasiarch again rejoined with great wit, for he said, “You have a measure in your pupils.”
IV. He also had a very powerful voice. Once, the head of the Gymnasium sent a message asking him not to shout so loudly. He replied, “Then give me a measure for my voice.” The head of the Gymnasium answered wittily, “Your pupils are your measure.”
V. He was a very vehement speaker, and one difficult to contend with in the investigation of a point. And he used to decline all invitations to entertainments, for the reasons I have already mentioned.
V. He was a passionate speaker and a formidable opponent in debate. He declined all invitations to social gatherings for the reasons I have already mentioned.
VI. On one occasion, when Mentor, the Bithynian, one of his pupils, came to him to attend his school, observing that he was trying to seduce his mistress (as Phavorinus relates in his Universal History), while he was in the middle of his lecture, he made the following parody in allusion to him:—
VI. Once, Mentor the Bithynian, one of his pupils, came to attend his school. He noticed that Mentor was trying to seduce his mistress, as Phavorinus relates in his Universal History. In the middle of his lecture, he made the following parody about Mentor:
A weak old man comes hither, like in voice, And gait, and figure, to the prudent Mentor I order him to be expelled this school.
A frail old man comes here, resembling the wise Mentor in voice, walk, and appearance. I order him expelled from this school.
And Mentor rising up, replied:—
And Mentor stood up and replied:
Thus did they speak, and straight the others rose.
They spoke, and the others immediately stood up.
VII. He appears to have been beset with fears of death; as he was continually saying, “Nature, who has put this frame together, will also dissolve it.” And learning that Antipater had died after having taken poison, he felt a desire to imitate the boldness of his departure, and said, “Give me some too.” And when they asked “What?” “Some mead,” said he. And it is said that an eclipse of the moon happened when he died, the most beautiful of all the stars, next to the sun, indicating (as any one might say) its sympathy with the philosopher. And Apollodorus, in his Chronicles, says that he died in the fourth year of the hundred and sixty-second olympiad, being eighty-five years old.
VII. He seems to have been troubled by fears of death. He often said, “Nature, who put this body together, will also break it apart.” When he learned that Antipater had died after taking poison, he wanted to imitate the boldness of his departure. He said, “Give me some too.” When they asked, “What?” he said, “Some mead.” It is said that there was an eclipse of the moon when he died. One might say that the moon, the most beautiful of all the stars after the sun, was showing sympathy for the philosopher. Apollodorus says in his Chronicles that he died at the age of eighty-five, in the fourth year of the hundred and sixty-second olympiad.
VIII. There are some letters extant addressed by him to Ariarathes, the king of the Cappadocians. All the other writings which are attributed to him were written by his disciples, for he himself left nothing behind him. And I have written on him the following lines in logaœdical Archebulian metre.
VIII. Some letters he addressed to Ariarathes, king of the Cappadocians, still survive. All the other writings attributed to him were written by his disciples, because he himself left nothing behind. I have written the following lines about him in logaœdical Archebulian metre.
Why now, O Muse, do you wish me Carneades to confute? He was an ignoramus, as he did not understand Why he should stand in fear of death: so once, when he’d a cough, The worst of all diseases that affect the human frame, He cared not for a remedy; but when the news did reach him, That brave Antipater had ta’en some poison, and so died, “Give me, said he, some stuff to drink.” “Some what?”—“Some luscious mead.” Moreover, he’d this saying at all times upon his lips: “Nature did make me, and she does together keep me still; But soon the time will come when she will pull me all to pieces.” But still at last he yielded up the ghost: though long ago He might have died, and so escaped the evils that befell him.
Why, Muse, do you now want me to refute Carneades? He was ignorant because he did not understand why he should fear death. Once, when he had a cough, the worst of all diseases that affect the human body, he did not seek a remedy. But when he heard that brave Antipater had taken poison and died, he said, “Give me something to drink.” “What?” “Some sweet mead.” He also always had this saying on his lips: “Nature made me, and she still holds me together. But soon the time will come when she will pull me apart.” In the end, he died. Yet long before, he could have died and escaped the troubles that befell him.
IX. It is said that at night he was not aware when lights were brought in; and that once he ordered his servant to light the candles, and when he had brought them in and told him, “I have brought them;” “Well then,” said he, “read by the light of them.”
IX. It is said that at night he did not notice when lights were brought in. Once he told his servant to light the candles. The servant brought them in and said, “I have brought them.” “Well then,” he said, “read by their light.”
X. He had a great many other disciples; but the most eminent of them was Clitomachus, whom we must mention presently.
X. He had many other disciples, but the most prominent was Clitomachus, whom we will discuss shortly.
XI. There was also another man of the name of Carneades, a very indifferent elegiac poet.
XI. There was also another man named Carneades, who was a very mediocre elegiac poet.