Chapter 7

Every day now brought me nearer my freedom, and I was impatient till we proceeded again to sea, that I might have an opportunity of getting a sum large enough to purchase it. I was not long ungratified; for, in the beginning of the year 1766, my master bought another sloop, named the Nancy, the largest I had ever seen. She was partly laden, and was to proceed to Philadelphia; our Captain had his choice of three, and I was well pleased he chose this, which was the largest; for, from his having a large vessel, I had more room, and could carry a larger quantity of goods with me. Accordingly, when we had delivered our old vessel, the Prudence, and completed the lading of the Nancy, having made near three hundred per cent, by four barrels of pork I brought from Charlestown, I laid in as large a cargo as I could, trusting to God's providence to prosper my undertaking. With these views I sailed for Philadelphia. On our passage, when we drew near the land, I was for the first time surprised at the sight of some whales, having never seen any such large sea monsters before; and as we sailed by the land one morning I saw a puppy whale close by the vessel; it was about the length of a wherry boat, and it followed us all the day till we got within the Capes. We arrived safe and in good time at Philadelphia, and I sold my goods there chiefly to the quakers. They always appeared to be a very honest discreet sort of people, and never attempted to impose on me; I therefore liked them, and ever after chose to deal with them in preference to any others. One Sunday morning while I was here, as I was going to church, I chanced to pass a meeting-house. The doors being open, and the house full of people, it excited my curiosity to go in. When I entered the house, to my great surprise, I saw a very tall woman standing in the midst of them, speaking in an audible voice something which I could not understand. Having never seen anything of this kind before, I stood and stared about me for some time, wondering at this odd scene. As soon as it was over I took an opportunity to make inquiry about the place and people, when I was informed they were called Quakers. I particularly asked what that woman I saw in the midst of them had said, but none of them were pleased to satisfy me; so I quitted them, and soon after, as I was returning, I came to a church crowded with people; the church-yard was full likewise, and a number of people were even mounted on ladders, looking in at the windows. I thought this a strange sight, as I had never seen churches, either in England or the West Indies, crowded in this manner before. I therefore made bold to ask some people the meaning of all this, and they told me the Rev. Mr. George Whitfield was preaching. I had often heard of this gentleman, and had wished to see and hear him; but I had never before had an opportunity. I now therefore resolved to gratify myself with the sight, and I pressed in amidst the multitude. When I got into the church I saw this pious man exhorting the people with the greatest fervour and earnestness, and sweating as much as I ever did while in slavery on Montserrat beach. I was very much struck and impressed with this; I thought it strange I had never seen divines exert themselves in this manner before, and I was no longer at a loss to account for the thin congregations they preached to. When we had discharged our cargo here, and were loaded again, we left this fruitful land once more, and set sail for Montserrat. My traffic had hitherto succeeded so well with me, that I thought, by selling my goods when we arrived at Montserrat, I should have enough to purchase my freedom. But, as soon as our vessel arrived there, my master came on board, and gave orders for us to go to St. Eustatia, and discharge our cargo there, and from thence proceed for Georgia. I was much disappointed at this; but thinking, as usual, it was of no use to encounter with the decrees of fate, I submitted without repining, and we went to St. Eustatia. After we had discharged our cargo there we took in a live cargo, as we call a cargo of slaves. Here I sold my goods tolerably well; but, not being able to lay out all my money in this small island to as much advantage as in many other places, I laid out only part, and the remainder I brought away with me neat. We sailed from hence for Georgia, and I was glad when we got there, though I had not much reason to like the place from my last adventure in Savannah; but I longed to get back to Montserrat and procure my freedom, which I expected to be able to purchase when I returned. As soon as we arrived here I waited on my careful doctor, Mr. Brady, to whom I made the most grateful acknowledgments in my power for his former kindness and attention during my illness. While we were here an odd circumstance happened to the Captain and me, which disappointed us both a good deal. A silversmith, whom we had brought to this place some voyages before, agreed with the Captain to return with us to the West Indies, and promised at the same time to give the Captain a great deal of money, having pretended to take a liking to him, and being, as we thought, very rich. But while we stayed to load our vessel this man was taken ill in a house where he worked, and in a week's time became very bad. The worse he grew the more he used to speak of giving the Captain what he had promised him, so that he expected something considerable from the death of this man, who had no wife or child, and he attended him day and night. I used also to go with the Captain, at his own desire, to attend him; especially when we saw there was no appearance of his recovery: and, in order to recompense me for my trouble, the Captain promised me ten pounds, when he should get the man's property. I thought this would be of great service to me, although I had nearly money enough to purchase my freedom, if I should get safe this voyage to Montserrat. In this expectation I laid out above eight pounds of my money for a suit of superfine clothes to dance with at my freedom, which I hoped was then at hand. We still continued to attend this man, and were with him even on the last day he lived, till very late at night, when we went on board. After we were got to bed, about one or two o'clock in the morning, the Captain was sent for, and informed the man was dead. On this he came to my bed, and, waking me, informed me of it, and desired me to get up and procure a light, and immediately go to him. I told him I was very sleepy, and wished he would take somebody else with him; or else, as the man was dead, and could want no farther attendance, to let all things remain as they were till the next morning. 'No, no,' said he, 'we will have the money to-night, I cannot wait till to-morrow; so let us go.' Accordingly I got up and struck a light, and away we both went and saw the man as dead as we could wish. The Captain said he would give him a grand burial, in gratitude for the promised treasure; and desired that all the things belonging to the deceased might be brought forth. Among others, there was a nest of trunks of which he had kept the keys whilst the man was ill, and when they were produced we opened them with no small eagerness and expectation; and as there were a great number within one another, with much impatience we took them one out of the other. At last, when we came to the smallest, and had opened it, we saw it was full of papers, which we supposed to be notes; at the sight of which our hearts leapt for joy; and that instant the Captain, clapping his hands, cried out, 'Thank God, here it is.' But when we took up the trunk, and began to examine the supposed treasure and long-looked-for bounty, (alas! alas! how uncertain and deceitful are all human affairs!) what had we found! While we thought we were embracing a substance we grasped an empty nothing. The whole amount that was in the nest of trunks was only one dollar and a half; and all that the man possessed would not pay for his coffin. Our sudden and exquisite joy was now succeeded by a sudden and exquisite pain; and my Captain and I exhibited, for some time, most ridiculous figures—pictures of chagrin and disappointment! We went away greatly mortified, and left the deceased to do as well as he could for himself, as we had taken so good care of him when alive for nothing. We set sail once more for Montserrat, and arrived there safe; but much out of humour with our friend the silversmith. When we had unladen the vessel, and I had sold my venture, finding myself master of about forty-seven pounds, I consulted my true friend, the Captain, how I should proceed in offering my master the money for my freedom. He told me to come on a certain morning, when he and my master would be at breakfast together. Accordingly, on that morning I went, and met the Captain there, as he had appointed. When I went in I made my obeisance to my master, and with my money in my hand, and many fears in my heart, I prayed him to be as good as his offer to me, when he was pleased to promise me my freedom as soon as I could purchase it. This speech seemed to confound him; he began to recoil: and my heart that instant sunk within me. 'What,' said he, 'give you your freedom? Why, where did you get the money? Have you got forty pounds sterling?' 'Yes, sir,' I answered. 'How did you get it?' replied he. I told him, very honestly. The Captain then said he knew I got the money very honestly and with much industry, and that I was particularly careful. On which my master replied, I got money much faster than he did; and said he would not have made me the promise he did if he had thought I should have got money so soon. 'Come, come,' said my worthy Captain, clapping my master on the back, 'Come, Robert, (which was his name) I think you must let him have his freedom; you have laid your money out very well; you have received good interest for it all this time, and here is now the principal at last. I know Gustavus has earned you more than an hundred a-year, and he will still save you money, as he will not leave you:—Come, Robert, take the money.' My master then said, he would not be worse than his promise; and, taking the money, told me to go to the Secretary at the Register Office, and get my manumission drawn up. These words of my master were like a voice from heaven to me: in an instant all my trepidation was turned into unutterable bliss; and I most reverently bowed myself with gratitude, unable to express my feelings, but by the overflowing of my eyes, while my true and worthy friend, the Captain, congratulated us both with a peculiar degree of heartfelt pleasure. As soon as the first transports of my joy were over, and that I had expressed my thanks to these my worthy friends in the best manner I was able, I rose with a heart full of affection and reverence, and left the room, in order to obey my master's joyful mandate of going to the Register Office. As I was leaving the house I called to mind the words of the Psalmist, in the 126th Psalm, and like him, 'I glorified God in my heart, in whom I trusted.' These words had been impressed on my mind from the very day I was forced from Deptford to the present hour, and I now saw them, as I thought, fulfilled and verified. My imagination was all rapture as I flew to the Register Office, and, in this respect, like the apostle Peter,^U (whose deliverance from prison was so sudden and extraordinary, that he thought he was in a vision) I could scarcely believe I was awake. Heavens! who could do justice to my feelings at this moment! Not conquering heroes themselves, in the midst of a triumph—Not the tender mother who has just regained her long-lost infant, and presses it to her heart—Not the weary hungry mariner, at the sight of the desired friendly port—Not the lover, when he once more embraces his beloved mistress, after she had been ravished from his arms!—All within my breast was tumult, wildness, and delirium! My feet scarcely touched the ground, for they were winged with joy, and, like Elijah, as he rose to Heaven, they 'were with lightning sped as I went on.' Every one I met I told of my happiness, and blazed about the virtue of my amiable master and captain.

Every day brought me closer to freedom. I could hardly wait to go to sea again and earn enough money to buy it. I did not have to wait long. At the beginning of 1766, my master bought another sloop, the Nancy, the largest I had ever seen. The ship was partly loaded and bound for Philadelphia. Our Captain had his choice of three vessels, and I was delighted that he chose the largest. A larger vessel gave me more room to carry goods of my own. We handed over our old vessel, the Prudence, and finished loading the Nancy. I had made nearly three hundred percent profit on four barrels of pork I brought from Charlestown. So I bought as much cargo as I could carry, trusting God's providence to make my venture succeed. With these hopes, I sailed for Philadelphia. As we approached land during the voyage, I was astonished to see whales for the first time. I had never seen such enormous sea creatures. One morning, as we sailed along the coast, I saw a young whale close beside the vessel. The whale was about as long as a wherry boat, a small rowing boat. It followed us all day until we passed inside the Capes. We reached Philadelphia safely and in good time, and I sold my goods there mainly to the Quakers. They always seemed very honest and sensible, and they never tried to cheat me. I therefore liked them and always preferred dealing with them afterward. One Sunday morning, while going to church, I happened to pass a meeting-house. The doors were open, and the building was full of people, so curiosity drew me inside. To my great surprise, a very tall woman stood among the people, speaking clearly enough to be heard. But I could not understand what she was saying. I had never seen anything like this before. For some time, I stood staring around me, wondering at this strange scene. Once the meeting ended, I asked about the place and its people. I was told they were called Quakers. I particularly asked what the woman standing among them had said, but none would explain it to me. So I left them. Soon afterward, on my way back, I came to a church crowded with people. The churchyard was full too, and some people had even climbed ladders to look through the windows. I found this strange. I had never seen churches so crowded, either in England or the West Indies. So I ventured to ask some people what was happening. They told me the Rev. Mr. George Whitfield was preaching. I had often heard of this gentleman and wished to see and hear him. But I had never had the opportunity before. Now I resolved to satisfy my curiosity and pushed through the crowd. Inside the church, I saw this devout man urging the people to faith with tremendous passion and earnestness. He was sweating as much as I ever had while enslaved on Montserrat beach. His effort struck me deeply. I thought it strange that I had never seen clergymen work so hard before. I no longer wondered why those other clergymen preached to such small congregations. After unloading our cargo and taking on another, we left this fertile land once more and sailed for Montserrat. My trading had gone so well that I expected to have enough to buy my freedom after selling my goods there. But as soon as we arrived, my master came aboard with new orders. We were to unload our cargo at St. Eustatia, then sail to Georgia. I was deeply disappointed. But, as usual, I thought there was no use fighting fate, so I accepted the orders without complaint. We went to St. Eustatia. After unloading there, we took aboard a live cargo, as we call a cargo of enslaved people. I sold my goods reasonably well. But on this small island, I could not invest all my money as profitably as in many other places. So I spent only part and kept the rest in cash. We sailed from there to Georgia, and I was glad when we arrived. My last experience in Savannah had given me little reason to like the place. Still, I longed to return to Montserrat and obtain my freedom. I expected to be able to buy it when I returned. As soon as we reached Georgia, I visited my attentive doctor, Mr. Brady. I thanked him as warmly as I could for his earlier kindness and care during my illness. While we were there, something strange happened that greatly disappointed both the Captain and me. A silversmith we had brought there several voyages earlier agreed to return with us to the West Indies. He also promised to give the Captain a great deal of money. He claimed to have taken a liking to the Captain, and we thought him very rich. But while we stayed to load our vessel, the silversmith fell ill in a house where he worked. Within a week, he was very sick. The worse he became, the more he spoke about giving the Captain the promised money. The man had no wife or child, so the Captain expected to receive a considerable sum when he died. The Captain cared for him day and night. At the Captain's request, I also went with him to care for the silversmith. I did so especially once we saw no sign that he would recover. To repay my trouble, the Captain promised me ten pounds when he received the man's property. I thought the money would help me greatly. I already had nearly enough to buy my freedom, if I reached Montserrat safely on this voyage. Expecting the additional money, I spent more than eight pounds on a suit of exceptionally fine clothes. I intended to dance in the suit when I gained my freedom, which I hoped was close at hand. We continued caring for the man. Even on his last day, we stayed until very late at night before returning aboard. After we had gone to bed, at about one or two in the morning, someone sent for the Captain. The message said the man was dead. The Captain came to my bed, woke me, and told me the news. He asked me to get up, fetch a light, and go to the man immediately. I told him I was very sleepy and wished he would take someone else. Otherwise, since the man was dead and needed no more care, I asked him to leave everything until morning. 'No, no,' he said. 'We will have the money tonight. I cannot wait until tomorrow, so let us go.' So I got up, lit a light, and we went together. We found the man as dead as we could wish. The Captain said he would give him a grand funeral in gratitude for the promised treasure. He asked for all the dead man's belongings to be brought out. Among them was a set of trunks fitted inside one another. The Captain had kept their keys while the man was ill. When the trunks were brought out, we opened them with great eagerness and expectation. There were many trunks inside one another, and we impatiently removed them one by one. At last, we opened the smallest and found it full of papers that we took for banknotes. Our hearts leaped for joy at the sight. At that instant, the Captain clapped his hands and cried, 'Thank God, here it is.' But then we lifted the trunk and examined the supposed treasure, the long-awaited gift. Alas, alas, how uncertain and deceptive all human affairs are! What had we found? We thought we were grasping something solid, but we held nothing at all. The entire set of trunks contained only a dollar and a half. Everything the man owned would not pay for his coffin. Our sudden, intense joy gave way to equally sudden and intense distress. For some time, the Captain and I must have looked utterly ridiculous, perfect pictures of frustration and disappointment! We went away deeply mortified and left the dead man to manage as best he could. After all, we had taken such good care of him while he lived, for nothing. We sailed once more for Montserrat and arrived safely, though thoroughly annoyed with our friend the silversmith. After we unloaded the vessel and I sold my own goods, I found I had about forty-seven pounds. I asked my true friend, the Captain, how to offer my master the money for my freedom. He told me to come one morning when he and my master would be having breakfast together. So I went that morning and found the Captain there, as arranged. I bowed respectfully to my master. With my money in my hand and many fears in my heart, I begged him to keep his promise. He had promised to free me as soon as I could pay for my freedom. My words seemed to bewilder him, and he began to draw back from his promise. At that moment, my heart sank. 'What,' he said, 'give you your freedom? Why, where did you get the money? Have you got forty pounds sterling?' 'Yes, sir,' I answered. 'How did you get it?' he replied. I told him I had earned it very honestly. The Captain confirmed that I had earned the money honestly, through great hard work, and had been especially careful. My master replied that I made money much faster than he did. He said he would never have made the promise if he had known I would earn the money so quickly. 'Come, come,' said my worthy Captain, clapping my master on the back. 'Come, Robert,' which was his name, 'I think you must let him have his freedom. You invested your money very well. You have received good interest on it all this time, and now you have the original amount back at last. I know Gustavus has earned you more than a hundred pounds a year. He will still save you money, since he will not leave you. Come, Robert, take the money.' My master then said he would keep his promise. He took the money and told me to go to the Secretary at the Register Office. There I was to have my manumission, the document granting my freedom, drawn up. My master's words sounded like a voice from heaven. In an instant, all my fear turned into joy beyond words. I bowed with the deepest gratitude, unable to express my feelings except through overflowing tears. My true and worthy friend, the Captain, congratulated us both with especially heartfelt pleasure. When the first rush of joy had passed, I thanked these worthy friends as well as I could. Then I rose, my heart full of affection and respect, and left the room. I was going to obey my master's joyful order to visit the Register Office. As I left the house, I remembered the Psalmist's words in Psalm 126. Like him, 'I glorified God in my heart, in whom I trusted.' Those words had stayed in my mind from the day I was forced from Deptford until that very hour. Now, I thought, I saw them fulfilled and proved true. My mind was filled with rapture as I flew to the Register Office. In this way, I was like the apostle Peter,^U whose release from prison was so sudden and extraordinary. Peter thought he was seeing a vision, and I could scarcely believe I was awake. Heavens! Who could do justice to my feelings at that moment! Not conquering heroes in the midst of their triumph. Not the tender mother who has just found her long-lost baby and presses it to her heart. Not the weary, hungry sailor who catches sight of the welcoming port he has longed for. Not the lover who once more embraces his beloved after she has been torn from his arms! Everything within my heart was turmoil, wild excitement, and delirium! My feet scarcely touched the ground, for joy had given them wings. Like Elijah as he rose to Heaven, my feet 'were with lightning sped as I went on.' I told everyone I met of my happiness and loudly praised the goodness of my kind master and Captain.

When I got to the office and acquainted the Register with my errand he congratulated me on the occasion, and told me he would draw up my manumission for half price, which was a guinea. I thanked him for his kindness; and, having received it and paid him, I hastened to my master to get him to sign it, that I might be fully released. Accordingly he signed the manumission that day, so that, before night, I who had been a slave in the morning, trembling at the will of another, was become my own master, and completely free. I thought this was the happiest day I had ever experienced; and my joy was still heightened by the blessings and prayers of the sable race, particularly the aged, to whom my heart had ever been attached with reverence.

When I reached the office and told the registrar why I had come, he congratulated me. He offered to draw up my manumission papers, which would legally free me, for half price, one guinea. I thanked him for his kindness. After receiving the papers and paying him, I hurried to my master to get his signature so I could be fully free. He signed the papers that day. So, before nightfall, I became my own master and was completely free. That morning I had been a slave, trembling at another person's will. I thought it was the happiest day I had ever experienced. The blessings and prayers of other Black people made my joy even greater. This was especially true of the elderly, for whom I had always felt deep affection and respect.

As the form of my manumission has something peculiar in it, and expresses the absolute power and dominion one man claims over his fellow, I shall beg leave to present it before my readers at full length:

The document granting my freedom is unusual in some ways. It also shows the absolute power and control one man claims over another. For these reasons, I ask my readers’ permission to present the document in full:

In short, the fair as well as black people immediately styled me by a new appellation, to me the most desirable in the world, which was Freeman, and at the dances I gave my Georgia superfine blue clothes made no indifferent appearance, as I thought. Some of the sable females, who formerly stood aloof, now began to relax and appear less coy; but my heart was still fixed on London, where I hoped to be ere long. So that my worthy captain and his owner, my late master, finding that the bent of my mind was towards London, said to me, 'We hope you won't leave us, but that you will still be with the vessels.' Here gratitude bowed me down; and none but the generous mind can judge of my feelings, struggling between inclination and duty. However, notwithstanding my wish to be in London, I obediently answered my benefactors that I would go in the vessel, and not leave them; and from that day I was entered on board as an able-bodied sailor, at thirty-six shillings per month, besides what perquisites I could make. My intention was to make a voyage or two, entirely to please these my honoured patrons; but I determined that the year following, if it pleased God, I would see Old England once more, and surprise my old master, Capt. Pascal, who was hourly in my mind; for I still loved him, notwithstanding his usage of me, and I pleased myself with thinking of what he would say when he saw what the Lord had done for me in so short a time, instead of being, as he might perhaps suppose, under the cruel yoke of some planter. With these kind of reveries I used often to entertain myself, and shorten the time till my return; and now, being as in my original free African state, I embarked on board the Nancy, after having got all things ready for our voyage. In this state of serenity we sailed for St. Eustatia; and, having smooth seas and calm weather, we soon arrived there: after taking our cargo on board, we proceeded to Savannah in Georgia, in August, 1766. While we were there, as usual, I used to go for the cargo up the rivers in boats; and on this business I have been frequently beset by alligators, which were very numerous on that coast, and I have shot many of them when they have been near getting into our boats; which we have with great difficulty sometimes prevented, and have been very much frightened at them. I have seen a young one sold in Georgia alive for six pence. During our stay at this place, one evening a slave belonging to Mr. Read, a merchant of Savannah, came near our vessel, and began to use me very ill. I entreated him, with all the patience I was master of, to desist, as I knew there was little or no law for a free negro here; but the fellow, instead of taking my advice, persevered in his insults, and even struck me. At this I lost all temper, and I fell on him and beat him soundly. The next morning his master came to our vessel as we lay alongside the wharf, and desired me to come ashore that he might have me flogged all round the town, for beating his negro slave. I told him he had insulted me, and had given the provocation, by first striking me. I had told my captain also the whole affair that morning, and wished him to have gone along with me to Mr. Read, to prevent bad consequences; but he said that it did not signify, and if Mr. Read said any thing he would make matters up, and had desired me to go to work, which I accordingly did. The Captain being on board when Mr. Read came, he told him I was a free man; and when Mr. Read applied to him to deliver me up, he said he knew nothing of the matter. I was astonished and frightened at this, and thought I had better keep where I was than go ashore and be flogged round the town, without judge or jury. I therefore refused to stir; and Mr. Read went away, swearing he would bring all the constables in the town, for he would have me out of the vessel. When he was gone, I thought his threat might prove too true to my sorrow; and I was confirmed in this belief, as well by the many instances I had seen of the treatment of free negroes, as from a fact that had happened within my own knowledge here a short time before. There was a free black man, a carpenter, that I knew, who, for asking a gentleman that he worked for for the money he had earned, was put into gaol; and afterwards this oppressed man was sent from Georgia, with false accusations, of an intention to set the gentleman's house on fire, and run away with his slaves. I was therefore much embarrassed, and very apprehensive of a flogging at least. I dreaded, of all things, the thoughts of being striped, as I never in my life had the marks of any violence of that kind. At that instant a rage seized my soul, and for a little I determined to resist the first man that should offer to lay violent hands on me, or basely use me without a trial; for I would sooner die like a free man, than suffer myself to be scourged by the hands of ruffians, and my blood drawn like a slave. The captain and others, more cautious, advised me to make haste and conceal myself; for they said Mr. Read was a very spiteful man, and he would soon come on board with constables and take me. At first I refused this counsel, being determined to stand my ground; but at length, by the prevailing entreaties of the captain and Mr. Dixon, with whom he lodged, I went to Mr. Dixon's house, which was a little out of town, at a place called Yea-ma-chra. I was but just gone when Mr. Read, with the constables, came for me, and searched the vessel; but, not finding me there, he swore he would have me dead or alive. I was secreted about five days; however, the good character which my captain always gave me as well as some other gentlemen who also knew me, procured me some friends. At last some of them told my captain that he did not use me well, in suffering me thus to be imposed upon, and said they would see me redressed, and get me on board some other vessel. My captain, on this, immediately went to Mr. Read, and told him, that ever since I eloped from the vessel his work had been neglected, and he could not go on with her loading, himself and mate not being well; and, as I had managed things on board for them, my absence must retard his voyage, and consequently hurt the owner; he therefore begged of him to forgive me, as he said he never had any complaint of me before, for the many years that I had been with him. After repeated entreaties, Mr. Read said I might go to hell, and that he would not meddle with me; on which my captain came immediately to me at his lodging, and, telling me how pleasantly matters had gone on, he desired me to go on board. Some of my other friends then asked him if he had got the constable's warrant from them; the captain said, No. On this I was desired by them to stay in the house; and they said they would get me on board of some other vessel before the evening. When the captain heard this he became almost distracted. He went immediately for the warrant, and, after using every exertion in his power, he at last got it from my hunters; but I had all the expenses to pay. After I had thanked all my friends for their attention, I went on board again to my work, of which I had always plenty. We were in haste to complete our lading, and were to carry twenty head of cattle with us to the West Indies, where they are a very profitable article. In order to encourage me in working, and to make up for the time I had lost, my captain promised me the privilege of carrying two bullocks of my own with me; and this made me work with redoubled ardour. As soon as I had got the vessel loaded, in doing which I was obliged to perform the duty of the mate as well as my own work, and that the bullocks were near coming on board, I asked the captain leave to bring my two, according to his promise; but, to my great surprise, he told me there was no room for them. I then asked him to permit me to take one; but he said he could not. I was a good deal mortified at this usage, and told him I had no notion that he intended thus to impose on me; nor could I think well of any man that was so much worse than his word. On this we had some disagreement, and I gave him to understand, that I intended to leave the vessel. At this he appeared to be very much dejected; and our mate, who had been very sickly, and whose duty had long devolved upon me, advised him to persuade me to stay: in consequence of which he spoke very kindly to me, making many fair promises, telling me that, as the mate was so sickly, he could not do without me, and that, as the safety of the vessel and cargo depended greatly upon me, he therefore hoped that I would not be offended at what had passed between us, and swore he would make up all matters when we arrived in the West Indies; so I consented to slave on as before. Soon after this, as the bullocks were coming on board, one of them ran at the captain, and butted him so furiously in the breast, that he never recovered of the blow. In order to make me some amends for his treatment about the bullocks, the captain now pressed me very much to take some turkeys, and other fowls, with me, and gave me liberty to take as many as I could find room for; but I told him he knew very well I had never carried any turkeys before, as I always thought they were such tender birds that they were not fit to cross the seas. However, he continued to press me to buy them for once; and, what was very surprising to me, the more I was against it, the more he urged my taking them, insomuch that he ensured me from all losses that might happen by them, and I was prevailed on to take them; but I thought this very strange, as he had never acted so with me before. This, and not being able to dispose of my paper-money in any other way, induced me at length to take four dozen. The turkeys, however, I was so dissatisfied about that I determined to make no more voyages to this quarter, nor with this captain; and was very apprehensive that my free voyage would be the worst I had ever made. We set sail for Montserrat. The captain and mate had been both complaining of sickness when we sailed, and as we proceeded on our voyage they grew worse. This was about November, and we had not been long at sea before we began to meet with strong northerly gales and rough seas; and in about seven or eight days all the bullocks were near being drowned, and four or five of them died. Our vessel, which had not been tight at first, was much less so now; and, though we were but nine in the whole, including five sailors and myself, yet we were obliged to attend to the pumps every half or three quarters of an hour. The captain and mate came on deck as often as they were able, which was now but seldom; for they declined so fast, that they were not well enough to make observations above four or five times the whole voyage. The whole care of the vessel rested, therefore, upon me, and I was obliged to direct her by my former experience, not being able to work a traverse. The captain was now very sorry he had not taught me navigation, and protested, if ever he should get well again, he would not fail to do so; but in about seventeen days his illness increased so much, that he was obliged to keep his bed, continuing sensible, however, till the last, constantly having the owner's interest at heart; for this just and benevolent man ever appeared much concerned about the welfare of what he was intrusted with. When this dear friend found the symptoms of death approaching, he called me by my name; and, when I came to him, he asked (with almost his last breath) if he had ever done me any harm? 'God forbid I should think so,' I replied, 'I should then be the most ungrateful of wretches to the best of sorrow by his bedside, he expired without saying another word; and the day following we committed his body to the deep. Every man on board loved this man, and regretted his death; but I was exceedingly affected at it, and I found that I did not know, till he was gone, the strength of my regard for him. Indeed I had every reason in the world to be attached to him; for, besides that he was in general mild, affable, generous, faithful, benevolent, and just, he was to me a friend and a father; and, had it pleased Providence that he had died but five months before, I verily believe I should not have obtained my freedom when I did; and it is not improbable that I might not have been able to get it at any rate afterwards. The captain being dead, the mate came on the deck, and made such observations as he was able, but to no purpose. In the course of a few days more, the few bullocks that remained were found dead; but the turkies I had, though on the deck, and exposed to so much wet and bad weather, did well, and I afterwards gained near three hundred per cent, on the sale of them; so that in the event it proved a happy circumstance for me that I had not bought the bullocks I intended, for they must have perished with the rest; and I could not help looking on this, otherwise trifling circumstance, as a particular providence of God, and I was thankful accordingly. The care of the vessel took up all my time, and engaged my attention entirely. As we were now out of the variable winds, I thought I should not be much puzzled to hit upon the islands. I was persuaded I steered right for Antigua, which I wished to reach, as the nearest to us; and in the course of nine or ten days we made this island, to our great joy; and the next day after we came safe to Montserrat. Many were surprised when they heard of my conducting the sloop into the port, and I now obtained a new appellation, and was called Captain. This elated me not a little, and it was quite flattering to my vanity to be thus styled by as high a title as any free man in this place possessed. When the death of the captain became known, he was much regretted by all who knew him; for he was a man universally respected. At the same time the sable captain lost no fame; for the success I had met with increased the affection of my friends in no small measure.

In short, white and black people alike immediately gave me a new name: Freeman. To me, it was the most desirable name in the world. At the dances I gave, I thought my fine blue clothes from Georgia looked rather impressive. Some black women who had previously kept their distance now began to seem less shy and reserved. But my heart was still set on London, where I hoped to be before long. My good captain and his owner, my former master, saw that I wanted to go to London. They said to me, 'We hope you won't leave us, but will keep working on the vessels.' Gratitude overwhelmed me. Only a generous person could understand my feelings as I struggled between my wishes and my duty. Despite my wish to be in London, I obediently told my benefactors I would sail with them and would not leave. From that day, I was employed aboard as an able-bodied sailor at thirty-six shillings a month, besides any extra earnings. I intended to make one or two voyages solely to please these respected patrons. But I decided that the following year, God willing, I would see Old England again. I hoped to surprise my former master, Capt. Pascal, who was constantly in my thoughts. I still loved him, despite his treatment of me. I enjoyed imagining what he would say when he saw what the Lord had done for me so quickly. Instead, he might perhaps imagine me suffering under some planter's cruel control. I often entertained myself with these daydreams, making the wait for my return seem shorter. Now free again, as I had originally been in Africa, I boarded the Nancy after preparing everything for our voyage. In this peaceful state of mind, we sailed for St. Eustatia. With smooth seas and calm weather, we soon arrived. After loading our cargo, we sailed on to Savannah in Georgia, arriving in August, 1766. While there, I went upriver in boats to collect cargo, as usual. On these trips, alligators often surrounded me. They were very numerous along that coast. I shot many when they nearly climbed into our boats. Sometimes we had great difficulty keeping them out, and they frightened us badly. I once saw a young alligator sold alive in Georgia for sixpence. One evening during our stay, an enslaved man belonging to Mr. Read, a Savannah merchant, came near our vessel. He began treating me very badly. With all the patience I could manage, I begged him to stop. I knew the law offered a free black man little or no protection there. But instead of listening, the man continued insulting me and even struck me. At that, I lost my temper completely, attacked him, and beat him thoroughly. The next morning, his master came to our vessel as we lay beside the wharf. He told me to come ashore so he could have me whipped throughout the town for beating his enslaved man. I told him the man had insulted me and started the fight by striking me first. That morning, I had also told my captain the whole story. I had asked him to accompany me to Mr. Read to prevent trouble. But the captain said there was no need. If Mr. Read complained, he would settle the matter. He told me to go to work, which I did. The captain was aboard when Mr. Read arrived and told him I was a free man. But when Mr. Read asked him to hand me over, the captain said he knew nothing about the matter. I was astonished and frightened. I thought I had better stay aboard rather than go ashore and be whipped throughout the town without judge or jury. So I refused to move. Mr. Read left, swearing he would bring every constable in town, for he would have me taken off the vessel. After he left, I feared his threat might come true, to my sorrow. The many examples I had seen of the treatment of free black people strengthened that fear. So did something that I knew had happened there a short time before. I knew a free black carpenter who had asked a gentleman for the wages he had earned working for him. For asking, the carpenter was put in jail. Afterwards, this oppressed man was sent away from Georgia on false accusations. He was accused of planning to burn down the gentleman's house and escape with his enslaved people. I was therefore in great difficulty and feared that, at the very least, I would be whipped. Above all, I dreaded being left with whip marks. I had never in my life borne the marks of such violence. At that moment, rage seized my soul. For a little while, I resolved to resist the first man who tried to seize or abuse me without a trial. I would sooner die as a free man than let ruffians whip me and draw my blood like a slave. The captain and others were more cautious and urged me to hide at once. They said Mr. Read was a very spiteful man. He would soon come aboard with constables and seize me. At first, I refused their advice, determined to stand my ground. But eventually the captain and Mr. Dixon, with whom he lodged, persuaded me through their repeated pleas. I went to Mr. Dixon's house, a little outside town, at a place called Yea-ma-chra. I had only just left when Mr. Read arrived with the constables and searched the vessel for me. When he failed to find me, he swore he would have me dead or alive. I remained hidden for about five days. However, my captain always spoke well of my character, as did some other gentlemen who knew me. Their support gained me some friends. At last, some of these friends told my captain he was treating me badly by allowing me to suffer such injustice. They said they would see that I received justice and find me a place aboard another vessel. The captain immediately went to Mr. Read. He explained that, since I had fled the vessel, the work had been neglected. He could not continue loading because both he and the mate were unwell. I had been managing things aboard for them. My absence would therefore delay the voyage and harm the owner's interests. So he begged Mr. Read to forgive me. He said he had never had any complaint about me in all the years I had been with him. After repeated pleas, Mr. Read said I could go to hell and that he would leave me alone. The captain immediately came to me at his lodgings. He told me how well everything had gone and asked me to return aboard. Some of my other friends then asked whether he had obtained the constable's warrant from them. The captain said, No. My friends therefore asked me to remain in the house. They said they would find me a place aboard another vessel before evening. When the captain heard this, he became almost frantic. He immediately went to get the warrant. After doing everything in his power, he finally obtained it from those who had been hunting me. But I had to pay all the expenses. After thanking all my friends for their concern, I returned aboard to my work, of which there was always plenty. We were hurrying to finish loading. We were to carry twenty cattle to the West Indies, where they could be sold at a large profit. To encourage me to work and make up for lost time, my captain made me a promise. He would let me carry two bullocks of my own. This promise made me work with twice the energy. While loading the vessel, I had to perform the mate's duties as well as my own. Once I had finished loading, and the bullocks were about to come aboard, I asked to bring my two. The captain had promised me permission, but to my great surprise, he now said there was no room. I then asked to take just one, but he refused. I was deeply disappointed by this treatment. I told him I had never imagined he intended to cheat me in this way. Nor could I respect a man whose actions fell so far short of his word. We argued, and I made it clear that I intended to leave the vessel. He seemed very dejected at this. Our mate had been very ill, and I had long been doing his work. The mate advised the captain to persuade me to stay. So the captain spoke very kindly to me and made many fine promises. He said that, with the mate so ill, he could not manage without me. The safety of the vessel and cargo depended greatly on me. He therefore hoped I would not remain offended by what had happened between us. He swore he would make everything right when we reached the West Indies. So I agreed to toil like a slave as before. Soon afterwards, as the bullocks were coming aboard, one charged the captain. It struck him so violently in the chest that he never recovered from the blow. To make some amends for his treatment of me over the bullocks, the captain now urged me to take turkeys and other poultry. He allowed me to bring as many as I could find room for. But I reminded him that he knew very well I had never carried turkeys before. I had always thought them too delicate to survive a sea voyage. Still, he kept urging me to buy them this once. To my great surprise, the more I resisted, the more he insisted. He even guaranteed to cover any losses I might suffer from them, and I was persuaded to take them. I thought his behavior very strange, since he had never acted this way toward me before. His insistence, and my inability to use my paper money in any other way, finally led me to buy four dozen. Yet I was so unhappy about the turkeys that I resolved never to sail to this region or with this captain again. I feared that my voyage as a free man would be the worst I had ever made. We set sail for Montserrat. The captain and mate had both complained of illness before we sailed, and they grew worse as the voyage continued. It was about November. We had not been at sea long before strong northerly winds and rough seas struck us. Within about seven or eight days, all the bullocks were close to drowning, and four or five died. Our vessel had leaked from the start and was leaking much more now. There were only nine of us altogether, including five sailors and myself. Yet we had to work the pumps every half hour or forty-five minutes. The captain and mate came on deck whenever they could, but that was now seldom. Their health declined so quickly that they could take navigational observations only four or five times during the whole voyage. The entire care of the vessel therefore fell to me. I had to steer her from my past experience, since I could not calculate our position from our course and distance. The captain now deeply regretted not having taught me navigation. He promised that, if he ever recovered, he would certainly teach me. But after about seventeen days, his illness worsened so much that he had to remain in bed. He nevertheless remained clearheaded until the end, always concerned about the owner's interests. This just and kind man always seemed deeply concerned for the welfare of whatever had been entrusted to him. When this dear friend felt death approaching, he called me by name. I went to him, and with almost his last breath, he asked whether he had ever harmed me. 'God forbid I should think so,' I replied. 'Then I would be the most ungrateful wretch to the best of...' As I grieved beside his bed, he died without another word. The following day, we committed his body to the sea. Every man aboard loved him and mourned his death. But I was deeply affected. Only after he was gone did I discover how strong my affection for him had been. Indeed, I had every reason in the world to feel attached to him. He was generally gentle, friendly, generous, faithful, kind, and just. Besides all this, he had been a friend and a father to me. Had Providence allowed him to die just five months earlier, I truly believe I would not have gained my freedom when I did. It is also quite possible that I might never have been able to gain it afterwards. After the captain died, the mate came on deck and took whatever observations he could, but without success. Within a few more days, the remaining bullocks were found dead. But my turkeys did well, although they were on deck, exposed to so much rain and rough weather. Later, I made a profit of nearly three hundred percent from selling them. In the end, therefore, I was fortunate not to have bought the bullocks I had intended to take. They would certainly have died with the rest. I could not help seeing God's special care in this otherwise small event, and I was thankful for it. Caring for the vessel occupied all my time and attention. We had now left the region of shifting winds. So I thought I should have little difficulty finding the islands. I was convinced I was steering straight toward Antigua. I wanted to reach it because it was the nearest island to us. After nine or ten days, we sighted Antigua, to our great joy. The following day, we arrived safely at Montserrat. Many people were surprised to hear that I had brought the sloop into port. I now gained another name and was called Captain. This delighted me greatly. It certainly flattered my vanity to receive a title as high as any free man there possessed. When news of the captain's death spread, everyone who knew him mourned him deeply, for he was universally respected. At the same time, the black captain lost none of his reputation. My success greatly increased my friends' affection for me.