Paradise
Canto 25
St. James examines Dante concerning Hope.—St. John appears,with a brightness so dazzling as to deprive Dante, for the time, of sight.
St. James questions Dante about Hope. St. John appears, shining so brightly that Dante temporarily loses his sight.
If it ever happen that the sacred poem to which both heaven and earth have set their hand, so that it has made me lean for many years, sbould overcome the cruelty which bars me out of the fair sheep-fold, where a lamb I slept, an enemy to the wolves that give it war, then with other voice, with other fleece, Poet will I return, and on the font of my baptism will I take the crown; because there I entered into the faith which makes the souls known to God, and afterward. Peter, for its sake, thus encircled my brow.
Perhaps the sacred poem will overcome the cruelty that bars me from the fair sheepfold. Both heaven and earth have helped create this poem, and it has made me thin over many years. In that sheepfold, I slept as a lamb, an enemy of the wolves that wage war on it. If the poem overcomes that cruelty, I will return as a poet, with a different voice and a different fleece. I will receive the crown at my baptismal font. For there I entered the faith that makes souls known to God. And afterward, for the sake of that faith, Peter encircled my brow in this way.
Then a light moved toward us from that sphere whence the first-fruit which Christ left of His vicars had issued. And my Lady, full of gladness, said to me, “Look, look! behold the Baron for whose sake Galicia is visited there below.”
Then a light moved toward us from the sphere from which the first of Christ’s vicars had come. My Lady, full of joy, said to me, “Look, look! See the Baron for whose sake people visit Galicia on earth.”
People believed that St. James, the brother of St. John, was buried at Compostella, in the Spanish province of Galicia. His shrine was one of the main pilgrimage sites during the Middle Ages.
Even as when the dove alights near his companion, and one, turning and cooing, displays its affection to the other, so by the one great Prince glorious I saw the other greeted, praising the food which feasts them thereabove. But after their gratulation was completed, silent coram me, each stopped, so ignited that it overcame my sight. Smiling, then Beatrice said, “Illustrious life, by whom the largess of our basilica has been written, do thou make Hope resound upon this height; thou knowest that thou dost represent it as many times as Jesus to the three displayed most brightness.” “Lift up thy head and make thyself assured; for that which comes up here from the mortal world needs must be ripened in our rays.” This comfort from the second fire came to me; whereon I lifted up my eyes unto the mountains which bent them down before with too great weight.
Just as one dove lands beside its companion, turning and cooing to show its affection, so I saw one glorious Prince greet the other. He praised the food that feasts them in heaven. But when their greeting was over, each fell silent and stopped before me, glowing so brightly that I could not bear the sight. Then Beatrice smiled and said, “Illustrious life, you who wrote of the generosity of our basilica, make Hope resound on this height. You know that you represent Hope as often as Jesus showed his greatest brightness to the three.” “Lift your head and take heart. For whatever comes here from the mortal world must ripen in our rays.” This comfort came to me from the second fire. Then I raised my eyes to the mountains, whose great weight had bowed them down before.
“Before me.” Here, as sometimes elsewhere, it is unclear why Dante uses Latin words.
The reference is to the Epistle of James, which Dante mistakenly attributes to St. James the Greater, a common error. He may have had these words in mind: “God, that giveth to all men liberally,” i. 5; and “Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights,” i. 17. “Basilica” means the court or church of heaven.
Peter, James, and John were chosen by their Master to witness the raising of Jairus's daughter and his Transfiguration. Since Peter represents Faith and John represents Love, it was natural to see James as representing Hope.
“Since, through grace, our Emperor wills that thou, before thy death, come face to face with his Counts in the most secret hall, so that, having seen the truth of this Court, thou mayest therewith confirm in thyself and others the Hope which there below rightly enamours, say what it is, and how thy mind is flowering with it, and say whence it came to thee;” thus further did the second light proceed. And that compassionate one, who guided the feathers of my wings to such high flight, thus in the reply anticipated me. “The Church militant has not any son with more hope, as is written in the Sun which irradiates all our band; therefore it is conceded to him, that from Egypt be should come to Jerusalem to see, ere the warfare be at end for him. The other two points which are asked not for sake of knowing, but that he may report how greatly this virtue is pleasing to thee, to him I leave, for they will not be difficult to him, nor of vainglory, and let him answer to this, and may the grace of God accord this to him.”
“Through grace, our Emperor wills that you meet his Counts in the most secret hall before you die. You will see the truth of this Court, so that you can strengthen your own Hope and that of others. This Hope rightly inspires love in the world below. Tell us what Hope is and how it is blossoming in your mind. Tell us, too, where it came to you from.” Thus the second light continued. Then that compassionate one, who guided the feathers of my wings to such a high flight, answered before I could. “The Church militant has no son with more hope. This is written in the Sun that shines on all our company. Therefore, he is permitted to come from Egypt to Jerusalem and see it before his warfare ends. I leave him to answer the other two questions. They are not asked for the sake of knowing, but so he can report how pleasing this virtue is to you. They will not be difficult for him, and answering them will not make him vain. Let him answer them, and may God grant him the grace to do so.”
Beatrice answers the question. If Dante had answered it, his reply might have seemed like self-praise.
As a disciple who follows his teacher, prompt and willing, in that wherein he is expert, so that his worth may be disclosed: “Hope,” said I, “is a sure expectation of future glory, which divine grace produces, and preceding merit. From many stars this light comes to me, but be instilled it first into my heart who was the supreme singer of the supreme Leader. Sperent in te, 'who know thy name,' he says in his Theody, and who knows it not, if he has my faith? Thou afterwards didst instil it into me with his instillation in thy Epistle, so that I am full, and upon others shower down again your rain.”
Like a student who readily and willingly follows his teacher in a subject he knows well, so that his ability may be shown, I said: “Hope is a sure expectation of future glory. It comes from divine grace and merit already earned. This light comes to me from many stars. But the first to instill it in my heart was the supreme singer of the supreme Leader. Sperent in te, 'who know thy name,' he says in his Theody. And who does not know your name, if he has my faith? Afterward, you instilled this hope in me through your Epistle, together with his teaching. So now I am full of it, and I shower your rain down on others.”
These words come directly from Peter Lombard (Liber Sententiarum, iii. 26). Love is the merit that comes before Hope.
David.
“They will hope in thee.” See Psalm ix. 10.
Divine song.
While I was speaking, within the living bosom of that burning a flash was trembling, sudden and intense, in the manner of lightning. Then it breathed, “The love wherewith I still glow toward the virtue which followed me far as the palm, and to the issue of the field, wills that breathe anew to thee, that thou delight in it; and it is my pleasure, that thou tell that which Hope promises to thee.” And I, “The new and the old Scriptures set up the sign, and it points this out to me. Of the souls whom God hath made his friends, Isaiah says that each shall be clothed in his own land with a double garment, and his own land is this sweet life. And thy brother, far more explicitly, there where he treats of the white robes, makes manifest to us this revelation.”
While I was speaking, a sudden, intense flash trembled like lightning within the living heart of that flame. Then it breathed, “I still glow with love for the virtue that followed me to the palm and the outcome of the battle. That love makes me want to breathe again to you, so that you may delight in it. And I would like you to tell me what Hope promises you.” And I said, “The New and Old Scriptures point the way and show me the answer. Isaiah says that each of the souls God has made his friends will be clothed in a double garment in his own land. And his own land is this sweet life. Your brother makes this revelation far more explicit where he speaks of the white robes.”
“Therefore in their land they shall possess the double” (Isaiah, 1xi. 7): the double clothing of the glorified natural body and the spiritual body.
Revelation, vii.
And first, close on the end of these words, “Sperent in te” was heard from above us, to which all the carols made answer. Then among them a light became so bright that, if the Crab had one such crystal, winter would have a month of one sole day. And as a glad maiden rises and goes and enters in the dance, only to do honor to the new bride, and not for any fault, so saw I the brightened splendor come to the two who were turning in a wheel, such as was befitting to their ardent love. It set itself there into the song and into the measure, and my Lady kept her gaze upon them, even as a bride, silent and motionless. “This is he who lay upon the breast of our Pelican, and from upon the cross this one was chosen to the great office.” Thus my Lady, nor yet moved she her look from its fixed attention after than before these words of hers. As is he who gazes and endeavors to see the sun eclipsed a little, who through seeing becomes sightless, so did I become in respect to that last fire, till it was said, “Why dost thou dazzle thyself in order to see a thing which has no place here? On earth my body is earth; and it will be there with the others until our number corresponds with the eternal purpose. With their two garments in the blessed cloister are those two lights alone which ascended: and this thou shalt carry back unto your world.”
Just after these words ended, “Sperent in te” was heard from above us, and all the songs answered it. Then one light among them grew so bright that, if the Crab had such a crystal, winter would have a month of a single day. A joyful maiden rises and joins a dance only to honor the new bride, not because of any fault. In the same way, I saw the brightened light join the two who were circling, as befitted their ardent love. The light joined their song and their dance. My Lady watched them like a bride, silent and motionless. “This is the one who lay on the breast of our Pelican, and who was chosen from the cross for the great office.” My Lady spoke without taking her eyes off them, either before or after her words. Anyone who tries to see the sun during a partial eclipse becomes blind from looking. In the same way, I lost my sight as I gazed at that last light. Then I heard, “Why do you dazzle yourself trying to see something that is not here? On earth my body is earth. It will remain there with the others until our number matches the eternal purpose. Only those two lights who ascended have both their garments in the blessed cloister. Carry this truth back to your world.”
Cancer rises at sunset in early winter. If it had a star this bright, the night would be as light as day.
Not out of vanity or a love of showing off.
In the Middle Ages, the pelican was a common symbol of Christ because people believed it killed its young and then brought them back to life with its blood.
“Then saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother!” John, xix. 27.
Dante tries to see whether St. John is present in body as well as soul. His curiosity comes from the words of the Gospel: “Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? . . . Then went this saying abroad among the brethren, that that disciple should not die.” John, xxi. 22, 23.
Until the destined number of the chosen is complete.
Jesus and Mary, who were seen ascending. See Canto XXIII.
At this word the flaming gyre became quiet, together with the sweet mingling that was made of the sound of the trinal breath, even as, at ceasing of fatigue or danger, the oars, erst driven through the water, all stop at the sound of a whistle. Ah! how greatly was I disturbed in mind, when I turned to see Beatrice, at not being able to see her, although I was near her, and in the happy world.
At these words, the flaming circle fell silent, along with the sweet mingling of sounds from the threefold breath. It was like oars that stop together at a whistle when the labor or danger has passed. Ah, how troubled I was when I turned and could not see Beatrice, though I was near her in that happy world!