To a Person Who Had Become Shameless[764]

When you see another man in the possession of power (magistracy), set against this the fact that you have not the want (desire) of power; when you see another rich, see what you possess in place of riches: for if you possess nothing in place of them, you are miserable; but if you have not the want of riches, know that you possess more than this man possesses and what is worth much more. Another man possesses a handsome woman (wife): you have the satisfaction of not desiring a handsome wife. Do these things appear to you to be small? And how much would these persons give, these very men who are rich, and in possession of power, and live with handsome women, to be able to despise riches, and power and these very women whom they love and enjoy? Do you not know then what is the thirst of a man who has a fever? He possesses that which is in no degree like the thirst of a man who is in health for the man who is in health ceases to be thirsty after he has drunk; but the sick man being pleased for a short time has a nausea, he converts the drink into bile, vomits, is griped, and more thirsty. It is such a thing to have desire of riches and to possess riches, desire of power and to possess power, desire of a beautiful woman and to sleep with her: to this is added jealousy, fear of being deprived of the thing which you love, indecent words, indecent thoughts, unseemly acts.⁷⁶⁴

When you see another man holding power in public office, remember that you do not desire power. When you see another man who is rich, consider what you have instead of riches. If you have nothing in their place, you are miserable. But if you do not desire riches, know that you possess more than he does, and something worth much more. Another man has a beautiful wife. You have the satisfaction of not desiring a beautiful wife. Do these things seem insignificant to you? How much would these very men give to be able to look down on riches, power, and the beautiful women they love and enjoy? Do you know what thirst is like for a man with a fever? It is nothing like the thirst of a healthy man. A healthy man stops being thirsty after he drinks. But the sick man feels pleasure for a short time, then becomes nauseated. He turns the drink into bile, vomits, suffers cramps, and becomes even thirstier. The same is true when you desire riches and possess them, desire power and possess it, or desire a beautiful woman and sleep with her. To all this are added jealousy, fear of losing what you love, indecent words, indecent thoughts, and shameful acts.⁷⁶⁴

And what do I lose? you will say. My man, you were modest, and you are so no longer. Have you lost nothing? In place of Chrysippus and Zeno you read Aristides and Evenus;⁷⁶⁵ have you lost nothing? In place of Socrates and Diogenes, you admire him who is able to corrupt and seduce most women. You wish to appear handsome and try to make yourself so, though you are not. You like to display splendid clothes that you may attract women; and if you find any fine oil (for the hair),⁷⁶⁶ you imagine that you are happy. But formerly you did not think of any such thing, but only where there should be decent talk, a worthy man, and a generous conception. Therefore you slept like a man, walked forth like a man, wore a manly dress, and used to talk in a way becoming a good man; then do you say to me, I have lost nothing? So do men lose nothing more than coin? Is not modesty lost? Is not decent behaviour lost? is it that he who has lost these things has sustained no loss? Perhaps you think that not one of these things is a loss. But there was a time when you reckoned this the only loss and damage, and you were anxious that no man should disturb you from these (good) words and actions.

“And what do I lose?” you will say. My friend, you were modest, but you are no longer. Have you lost nothing? Instead of Chrysippus and Zeno, you read Aristides and Evenus.⁷⁶⁵ Have you lost nothing? Instead of Socrates and Diogenes, you admire the man who can corrupt and seduce the most women. You want to look handsome and try to make yourself so, though you are not. You like to show off fine clothes to attract women. And if you find any fine hair oil,⁷⁶⁶ you imagine you are happy. But before, you thought of none of these things. You thought only of where to find decent conversation, a worthy man, and a noble idea. So you slept like a man, went about like a man, and dressed like a man. You spoke as a good man should. And now you say to me, “I have lost nothing”? Do people lose nothing but money? Can they not lose modesty? Can they not lose decent behavior? Has someone who has lost these things suffered no loss? Perhaps you think none of these things is a loss. But there was a time when you thought this was the only kind of loss and harm. You were anxious that no one should turn you away from these good words and actions.

Observe, you are disturbed from these good words and actions by nobody, but by yourself. Fight with yourself, restore yourself to decency, to modesty, to liberty. If any man ever told you this about me, that a person forces me to be an adulterer, to wear such a dress as yours, to perfume myself with oils, would you not have gone and with your own hand have killed the man who thus calumniated me? Now will you not help yourself? and how much easier is this help? There is no need to kill any man, nor to put him in chains, nor to treat him with contumely, nor to enter the Forum (go to the courts of law), but it is only necessary for you to speak to yourself who will be most easily persuaded, with whom no man has more power of persuasion than yourself. First of all, condemn what you are doing, and then when you have condemned it, do not despair of yourself, and be not in the condition of those men of mean spirit, who, when they have once given in, surrender themselves completely and are carried away as if by a torrent. But see what the trainers of boys do. Has the boy fallen? Rise, they say, wrestle again till you are made strong. Do you also do something of the same kind: for be well assured that nothing is more tractable than the human soul. You must exercise the Will,⁷⁶⁷ and the thing is done, it is set right: as on the other hand, only fall a nodding (be careless), and the thing is lost for from within comes ruin and from within comes help. Then (you say) what good do I gain? And what greater good do you seek than this?⁷⁶⁸ From a shameless man you will become a modest man, from a disorderly you will become an orderly man, from a faithless you will become a faithful man, from a man of unbridled habits a sober man. If you seek any thing more than this, go on doing what you are doing: not even a God can now help you.

Notice that no one but yourself keeps you from these good words and actions. Fight with yourself. Restore your decency, modesty, and freedom. Suppose someone had told you that a person was forcing me to commit adultery, dress like you, and perfume myself with oils. Would you not have gone and killed the man who slandered me with your own hand? Now, will you not help yourself? And how much easier that would be! You do not need to kill anyone, put anyone in chains, insult anyone, or go to the Forum (the courts). You only need to speak to yourself. You will be very easy to persuade, for no one can persuade you better than you can. First, condemn what you are doing. Then, once you have condemned it, do not despair of yourself. Do not be like those weak-spirited people who, once they have given in, surrender completely. They are swept away as if by a torrent. Look at what boys’ trainers do. Has the boy fallen? They say, Rise and wrestle again until you become strong. Do something similar yourself. Be assured that nothing is easier to shape than the human soul. You must exercise the Will,⁷⁶⁷ and the work is done. Everything is set right. On the other hand, just nod off and become careless, and everything is lost. For ruin comes from within, and so does help. Then you say, what good do I gain? What greater good do you seek than this?⁷⁶⁸ You will change from a shameless man into a modest one, from a disorderly man into an orderly one, from a faithless man into a faithful one, and from a man of unrestrained habits into a sober one. If you seek anything more than this, go on doing what you are doing. Not even a God can help you now.