Part 2

Forms of speech are either simple or composite. Examples of the latter are such expressions as 'the man runs', 'the man wins'; of the former 'man', 'ox', 'runs', 'wins'.

Expressions are either simple or combined. Combined expressions include 'the man runs' and 'the man wins'. Simple expressions include 'man', 'ox', 'runs', and 'wins'.

Of things themselves some are predicable of a subject, and are never present in a subject. Thus 'man' is predicable of the individual man, and is never present in a subject.

Some things can be said of a subject but are never present in a subject. For example, 'man' can be said of an individual man but is never present in a subject.

By being 'present in a subject' I do not mean present as parts are present in a whole, but being incapable of existence apart from the said subject.

By 'present in a subject', I do not mean present as parts are in a whole. Instead, I mean unable to exist apart from that subject.

Some things, again, are present in a subject, but are never predicable of a subject. For instance, a certain point of grammatical knowledge is present in the mind, but is not predicable of any subject; or again, a certain whiteness may be present in the body (for colour requires a material basis), yet it is never predicable of anything.

Some things, again, are present in a subject but can never be stated as a property of any subject. For example, a particular piece of grammatical knowledge is present in the mind. But that knowledge cannot be stated as a property of any subject. Similarly, a particular whiteness may be present in a body (because colour requires a material basis). Yet that whiteness can never be stated as a property of anything.

Other things, again, are both predicable of a subject and present in a subject. Thus while knowledge is present in the human mind, it is predicable of grammar.

Other things can both be said of a subject and be present in a subject. For example, knowledge is present in the human mind, but knowledge can also be said of grammar.

There is, lastly, a class of things which are neither present in a subject nor predicable of a subject, such as the individual man or the individual horse. But, to speak more generally, that which is individual and has the character of a unit is never predicable of a subject. Yet in some cases there is nothing to prevent such being present in a subject. Thus a certain point of grammatical knowledge is present in a subject.

Finally, some things are neither present in a subject nor said of a subject. Examples include an individual man or an individual horse. More generally, anything individual that forms a single unit is never said of a subject. Yet in some cases, nothing prevents such an individual thing from being present in a subject. For example, a particular piece of grammatical knowledge is present in a subject.