I. O my soul, the time I trust will be, when thou shalt be good, simple, single, more open and visible, than that body by which it is enclosed. Thou wilt one day be sensible of their happiness, whose end is love, and their affections dead to all worldly things. Thou shalt one day be full, and in want of no external thing: not seeking pleasure from anything, either living or insensible, that this world can afford; neither wanting time for the continuation of thy pleasure, nor place and opportunity, nor the favour either of the weather or of men. When thou shalt have content in thy present estate, and all things present shall add to thy content: when thou shalt persuade thyself, that thou hast all things; all for thy good, and all by the providence of the Gods: and of things future also shalt be as confident, that all will do well, as tending to the maintenance and preservation in some sort, of his perfect welfare and happiness, who is perfection of life, of goodness, and beauty; who begets all things, and containeth all things in himself, and in himself doth recollect all things from all places that are dissolved, that of them he may beget others again like unto them. Such one day shall be thy disposition, that thou shalt be able, both in regard of the Gods, and in regard of men, so to fit and order thy conversation, as neither to complain of them at any time, for anything that they do; nor to do anything thyself, for which thou mayest justly be condemned.
1. One day, my soul, you will achieve a state of goodness, simplicity, and openness that surpasses your physical form. You'll recognize the joy of those who embrace love and detach from worldly desires. You'll feel complete, needing nothing external, seeking no pleasure from earthly things—living or inanimate. You won't require specific times, places, or conditions for contentment. You'll find satisfaction in your current situation, with everything contributing to your happiness. You'll believe you have all you need, all for your benefit, all provided by divine providence. You'll face the future confidently, trusting that all serves to maintain the perfect well-being of the universe—the essence of life, goodness, and beauty, which creates and contains everything, gathering all that dissolves to regenerate anew. In this state, you'll interact with both gods and humans in a way that leaves you neither complaining about their actions nor behaving in a manner worthy of condemnation.
II. As one who is altogether governed by nature, let it be thy care to observe what it is that thy nature in general doth require. That done, if thou find not that thy nature, as thou art a living sensible creature, will be the worse for it, thou mayest proceed. Next then thou must examine, what thy nature as thou art a living sensible creature, doth require. And that, whatsoever it be, thou mayest admit of and do it, if thy nature as thou art a reasonable living creature, will not be the worse for it. Now whatsoever is reasonable, is also sociable, Keep thyself to these rules, and trouble not thyself about idle things.
2. As someone guided entirely by nature, focus on understanding what your nature as a whole requires. If you find that your nature as a living, feeling being won't suffer for it, you may proceed. Next, consider what your nature as a living, feeling creature needs. Whatever that may be, you can accept and do it, as long as your nature as a rational being won't be harmed. Remember, anything rational is also social. Stick to these principles and don't worry about trivial matters.
III. Whatsoever doth happen unto thee, thou art naturally by thy natural constitution either able, or not able to bear. If thou beest able, be not offended, but bear it according to thy natural constitution, or as nature hath enabled thee. If thou beest not able, be not offended. For it will soon make an end of thee, and itself, (whatsoever it be) at the same time end with thee. But remember, that whatsoever by the strength of opinion, grounded upon a certain apprehension of both true profit and duty, thou canst conceive tolerable; that thou art able to bear that by thy natural constitution.
3. Whatever happens to you, you are naturally either able or unable to bear it. If you can handle it, don't be upset; face it according to your nature or abilities. If you can't handle it, don't be upset either. It will soon end you, and itself will end along with you. Remember, though, that whatever you can view as tolerable through the power of belief—based on understanding true benefit and duty—you are naturally able to bear.
IV. Him that offends, to teach with love and meek ness, and to show him his error. But if thou canst not, then to blame thyself; or rather not thyself neither, if thy will and endeavours have not been wanting.
4. Teach those who offend you with love and gentleness, and help them see their mistake. If you can't do this, then consider whether you're at fault. However, don't blame yourself if you've genuinely tried your best.
V. Whatsoever it be that happens unto thee, it is that which from all time was appointed unto thee. For by the same coherence of causes, by which thy substance from all eternity was appointed to be, was also whatsoever should happen unto it, destinated and appointed.
5. Whatever happens to you was meant to happen from the beginning of time. The same chain of events that brought you into existence also determined everything that would occur in your life.
VI. Either with Epicurus, we must fondly imagine the atoms to be the cause of all things, or we must needs grant a nature. Let this then be thy first ground, that thou art part of that universe, which is governed by nature. Then secondly, that to those parts that are of the same kind and nature as thou art, thou hast relation of kindred. For of these, if I shall always be mindful, first as I am a part, I shall never be displeased with anything, that falls to my particular share of the common chances of the world. For nothing that is behoveful unto the whole, can be truly hurtful to that which is part of it. For this being the common privilege of all natures, that they contain nothing in themselves that is hurtful unto them; it cannot be that the nature of the universe (whose privilege beyond other particular natures, is, that she cannot against her will by any higher external cause be constrained,) should beget anything and cherish it in her bosom that should tend to her own hurt and prejudice. As then I bear in mind that I am a part of such an universe, I shall not be displeased with anything that happens. And as I have relation of kindred to those parts that are of the same kind and nature that I am, so I shall be careful to do nothing that is prejudicial to the community, but in all my deliberations shall they that are of my kind ever be; and the common good, that, which all my intentions and resolutions shall drive unto, as that which is contrary unto it, I shall by all means endeavour to prevent and avoid. These things once so fixed and concluded, as thou wouldst think him a happy citizen, whose constant study and practice were for the good and benefit of his fellow citizens, and the carriage of the city such towards him, that he were well pleased with it; so must it needs be with thee, that thou shalt live a happy life.
6. Either we accept Epicurus' theory that atoms cause everything, or we acknowledge the existence of nature. Let's assume the latter: you are part of a universe governed by nature. Moreover, you are related to other parts of the same kind as you. Always remember these two points. First, as a part of the whole, you shouldn't be upset by anything that happens to you personally within the common events of the world. Nothing beneficial to the whole can truly harm its parts. All natures share the privilege of containing nothing harmful to themselves. The universe's nature, which uniquely cannot be forced against its will by external causes, wouldn't create or nurture anything that could harm itself. Keeping in mind that you're part of such a universe, you won't be displeased by any occurrence. Since you're related to parts of the same nature as yourself, be careful not to harm the community. In all your decisions, consider those of your kind, and aim for the common good. Avoid anything contrary to it. With these principles established, think of a happy citizen whose constant efforts benefit their fellow citizens, and whose city treats them well. Similarly, you too can live a happy life.
VII. All parts of the world, (all things I mean that are contained within the whole world), must of necessity at some time or other come to corruption. Alteration I should say, to speak truly and properly; but that I may be the better understood, I am content at this time to use that more common word. Now say I, if so be that this be both hurtful unto them, and yet unavoidable, would not, thinkest thou, the whole itself be in a sweet case, all the parts of it being subject to alteration, yea and by their making itself fitted for corruption, as consisting of things different and contrary? And did nature then either of herself thus project and purpose the affliction and misery of her parts, and therefore of purpose so made them, not only that haply they might, but of necessity that they should fall into evil; or did not she know what she did, when she made them? For either of these two to say, is equally absurd. But to let pass nature in general, and to reason of things particular according to their own particular natures; how absurd and ridiculous is it, first to say that all parts of the whole are, by their proper natural constitution, subject to alteration; and then when any such thing doth happen, as when one doth fall sick and dieth, to take on and wonder as though some strange thing had happened? Though this besides might move not so grievously to take on when any such thing doth happen, that whatsoever is dissolved, it is dissolved into those things, whereof it was compounded. For every dissolution is either a mere dispersion, of the elements into those elements again whereof everything did consist, or a change, of that which is more solid into earth; and of that which is pure and subtile or spiritual, into air. So that by this means nothing is lost, but all resumed again into those rational generative seeds of the universe; and this universe, either after a certain period of time to lie consumed by fire, or by continual changes to be renewed, and so for ever to endure. Now that solid and spiritual that we speak of, thou must not conceive it to be that very same, which at first was, when thou wert born. For alas! all this that now thou art in either kind, either for matter of substance, or of life, hath but two or three days ago partly from meats eaten, and partly from air breathed in, received all its influx, being the same then in no other respect, than a running river, maintained by the perpetual influx and new supply of waters, is the same. That therefore which thou hast since received, not that which came from thy mother, is that which comes to change and corruption. But suppose that that for the general substance, and more solid part of it, should still cleave unto thee never so close, yet what is that to the proper qualities and affections of it, by which persons are distinguished, which certainly are quite different?
7. All parts of the world must eventually change or decay. While "corruption" might be a more accurate term, I'll use "alteration" for clarity. If this alteration is both harmful and inevitable, wouldn't the whole world be in a precarious state, with all its parts subject to change and inherently prone to decay due to their diverse and conflicting nature? Did nature intentionally design the suffering of its parts, purposely creating them not only with the potential for, but the necessity of experiencing hardship? Or was nature unaware of what it was doing when it created them? Both ideas seem absurd. Setting aside nature in general and focusing on specific things according to their individual characteristics, it's illogical to say that all parts of the whole are naturally prone to change, and then act surprised when something like illness or death occurs. Moreover, we shouldn't be overly distressed by such events, as whatever breaks down simply returns to its component parts. Every dissolution is either a scattering of elements back to their original state or a transformation of solid matter into earth and of pure, subtle matter into air. Nothing is truly lost; everything is reabsorbed into the universe's fundamental building blocks. The universe itself either periodically burns and is reborn, or continuously renews itself through ongoing changes. The solid and spiritual aspects we mention aren't the same as when you were born. Your current physical and spiritual self has been largely formed over the past few days from the food you've eaten and the air you've breathed. You're like a flowing river, constantly replenished by new waters. What you've gained recently, not what came from your mother, is what undergoes change and decay. Even if some of your original substance remains, it's irrelevant to the unique qualities and characteristics that define you as an individual, which are entirely different.
VIII. Now that thou hast taken these names upon thee of good, modest, true; of ἔμφρων, σύμφρων, ὑπέρφρων; take heed lest at any times by doing anything that is contrary, thou be but improperly so called, and lose thy right to these appellations. Or if thou do, return unto them again with all possible speed. And remember, that the word ἔμφρων notes unto thee an intent and intelligent consideration of every object that presents itself unto thee, without distraction. And the word σύμφρων, a ready and contented acceptation of whatsoever by the appointment of the common nature, happens unto thee. And the word ὑπέρφρων, a super-extension, or a transcendent, and outreaching disposition of thy mind, whereby it passeth by all bodily pains and pleasures, honour and credit, death and whatsoever is of the same nature, as matters of absolute indifferency, and in no wise to be stood upon by a wise man. These then if inviolably thou shalt observe, and shalt not be ambitious to be so called by others, both thou thyself shalt become a new man, and thou shalt begin a new life. For to continue such as hitherto thou hast been, to undergo those distractions and distempers as thou must needs for such a life as hitherto thou hast lived, is the part of one that is very foolish, and is overfond of his life. Whom a man might compare to one of those half-eaten wretches, matched in the amphitheatre with wild beasts; who as full as they are all the body over with wounds and blood, desire for a great favour, that they may be reserved till the next day, then also, and in the same estate to be exposed to the same nails and teeth as before. Away therefore, ship thyself; and from the troubles and distractions of thy former life convey thyself as it were unto these few names; and if thou canst abide in them, or be constant in the practice and possession of them, continue there as glad and joyful as one that were translated unto some such place of bliss and happiness as that which by Hesiod and Plato is called the Islands of the Blessed, by others called the Elysian Fields. And whensoever thou findest thyself; that thou art in danger of a relapse, and that thou art not able to master and overcome those difficulties and temptations that present themselves in thy present station: get thee into any private corner, where thou mayst be better able. Or if that will not serve forsake even thy life rather. But so that it be not in passion but in a plain voluntary modest way: this being the only commendable action of thy whole life that thus thou art departed, or this having been the main work and business of thy whole life, that thou mightest thus depart. Now for the better remembrance of those names that we have spoken of, thou shalt find it a very good help, to remember the Gods as often as may be: and that, the thing which they require at our hands of as many of us, as are by nature reasonable creation is not that with fair words, and outward show of piety and devotion we should flatter them, but that we should become like unto them: and that as all other natural creatures, the fig tree for example; the dog the bee: both do, all of them, and apply themselves unto that which by their natural constitution, is proper unto them; so man likewise should do that, which by his nature, as he is a man, belongs unto him.
8. Now that you have taken on the names of good, modest, and true; of emphrōn (thoughtful), symphrōn (agreeable), and hyperphron (elevated); be careful not to act in ways that contradict these qualities, or you'll lose your right to these titles. If you do falter, return to them as quickly as possible. Remember that emphrōn means to consider each situation thoughtfully and without distraction. Symphrōn means to accept readily and contentedly whatever happens to you by nature's design. Hyperphron refers to a transcendent state of mind that rises above bodily pains and pleasures, honor and disgrace, death and similar matters, viewing them with indifference, as a wise person should. If you faithfully observe these principles without seeking recognition from others, you'll become a new person and begin a new life. To continue as you have been, suffering the same distractions and disturbances, would be foolish and overly attached to your current way of living. This would be like a wounded gladiator in the arena begging to be spared only to face the same dangers the next day. Leave your old life behind and embrace these new principles. If you can live by them, stay there joyfully, as if you've been transported to a blissful place like Hesiod and Plato's Islands of the Blessed, or the Elysian Fields. If you're in danger of relapsing and can't overcome the challenges of your current situation, retreat to a private place where you can better manage. If that doesn't work, be prepared to give up your life—not in passion, but calmly and voluntarily. This would be the most commendable action of your life, or rather, your life's main purpose. To better remember these principles, it helps to think of the gods often. What they require of us, as rational beings, is not flattery through fancy words and outward shows of piety, but to become like them. Just as other natural creatures—the fig tree, the dog, the bee—fulfill their natural purpose, so should humans do what is proper to their nature as human beings.
IX. Toys and fooleries at home, wars abroad: sometimes terror, sometimes torpor, or stupid sloth: this is thy daily slavery. By little and little, if thou doest not better look to it, those sacred dogmata will be blotted out of thy mind. How many things be there, which when as a mere naturalist, thou hast barely considered of according to their nature, thou doest let pass without any further use? Whereas thou shouldst in all things so join action and contemplation, that thou mightest both at the same time attend all present occasions, to perform everything duly and carefully and yet so intend the contemplative part too, that no part of that delight and pleasure, which the contemplative knowledge of everything according to its true nature doth of itself afford, might be lost. Or, that the true and contemnplative knowledge of everything according to its own nature, might of itself, (action being subject to many lets and impediments) afford unto thee sufficient pleasure and happiness. Not apparent indeed, but not concealed. And when shalt thou attain to the happiness of true simplicity, and unaffected gravity? When shalt thou rejoice in the certain knowledge of every particular object according to its true nature: as what the matter and substance of it is; what use it is for in the world: how long it can subsist: what things it doth consist of: who they be that are capable of it, and who they that can give it, and take it away?
9. Home life is filled with trivial distractions, while wars rage abroad. We oscillate between fear and apathy, or dull laziness: this is your daily struggle. Gradually, if you're not careful, those sacred principles will fade from your mind. How often do you merely observe things in their natural state without further reflection? You should blend action and contemplation in all things, allowing you to handle present tasks diligently while still enjoying the pleasure of understanding each thing's true nature. Even when action is hindered, let your contemplative knowledge provide ample satisfaction and contentment. This joy may not be obvious, but it's there. When will you achieve genuine simplicity and sincerity? When will you find joy in truly understanding each object: its substance, purpose, lifespan, components, who can use it, and who controls its existence?
X. As the spider, when it hath caught the fly that it hunted after, is not little proud, nor meanly conceited of herself: as he likewise that hath caught an hare, or hath taken a fish with his net: as another for the taking of a boar, and another of a bear: so may they be proud, and applaud themselves for their valiant acts against the Sarmatai, or northern nations lately defeated. For these also, these famous soldiers and warlike men, if thou dost look into their minds and opinions, what do they for the most part but hunt after prey?
10. Just as a spider feels proud after catching a fly, or a hunter after snaring a hare or netting a fish, or another for capturing a boar or bear, so too might soldiers boast of their victories against recently defeated enemies like the Sarmatians or northern tribes. Yet, if you examine the minds and motives of these celebrated warriors, you'll find that most of them are merely hunting for prey.
XI. To find out, and set to thyself some certain way and method of contemplation, whereby thou mayest clearly discern and represent unto thyself, the mutual change of all things, the one into the other. Bear it in thy mind evermore, and see that thou be throughly well exercised in this particular. For there is not anything more effectual to beget true magnanimity.
11. Develop a systematic approach to contemplation that allows you to clearly understand and visualize the interconnected nature of all things and their constant transformation. Keep this method in mind always, and practice it diligently. Nothing is more effective in cultivating true greatness of spirit.
XII. He hath got loose from the bonds of his body, and perceiving that within a very little while he must of necessity bid the world farewell, and leave all these things behind him, he wholly applied himself, as to righteousness in all his actions, so to the common nature in all things that should happen unto him. And contenting himself with these two things, to do all things justly, and whatsoever God doth send to like well of it: what others shall either say or think of him, or shall do against him, he doth not so much as trouble his thoughts with it. To go on straight, whither right and reason directed him, and by so doing to follow God, was the only thing that he did mind, that, his only business and occupation.
12. He has freed himself from bodily constraints, realizing that he must soon bid farewell to this world and leave everything behind. He now fully dedicates himself to acting righteously and accepting whatever nature brings his way. Content with these two principles—doing all things justly and welcoming whatever God sends—he no longer concerns himself with others' opinions or actions against him. His sole focus is to proceed directly where reason and right guide him, following God's path. This has become his singular purpose and occupation.
XIII. What use is there of suspicion at all? or, why should thoughts of mistrust, and suspicion concerning that which is future, trouble thy mind at all? What now is to be done, if thou mayest search and inquiry into that, what needs thou care for more? And if thou art well able to perceive it alone, let no man divert thee from it. But if alone thou doest not so well perceive it, suspend thine action, and take advice from the best. And if there be anything else that doth hinder thee, go on with prudence and discretion, according to the present occasion and opportunity, still proposing that unto thyself, which thou doest conceive most right and just. For to hit that aright, and to speed in the prosecution of it, must needs be happiness, since it is that only which we can truly and properly be said to miss of, or miscarry in.
13. Why be suspicious at all? Why let thoughts of mistrust about the future trouble your mind? If you can investigate what needs to be done now, why worry about anything else? If you can figure it out on your own, don't let anyone distract you. But if you're unsure, pause and seek advice from the wisest. If something else is holding you back, proceed carefully and wisely, as the situation allows, always aiming for what you believe is most right and just. Achieving this goal and succeeding in its pursuit must lead to happiness, as it's the only thing we can truly be said to miss or fail at.
XIV. What is that that is slow, and yet quick? merry, and yet grave? He that in all things doth follow reason for his guide.
14. Who is both slow and quick, cheerful yet serious? The person who uses reason as their guide in all things.
XV. In the morning as soon as thou art awaked, when thy judgment, before either thy affections, or external objects have wrought upon it, is yet most free and impartial: put this question to thyself, whether if that which is right and just be done, the doing of it by thyself, or by others when thou art not able thyself; be a thing material or no. For sure it is not. And as for these that keep such a life, and stand so much upon the praises, or dispraises of other men, hast thou forgotten what manner of men they be? that such and such upon their beds, and such at their board: what their ordinary actions are: what they pursue after, and what they fly from: what thefts and rapines they commit, if not with their hands and feet, yet with that more precious part of theirs, their minds: which (would it but admit of them) might enjoy faith, modesty, truth, justice, a good spirit.
15. When you wake up in the morning, before your emotions or external influences affect your judgment, ask yourself this: Does it matter whether you or someone else does what's right and just, especially when you can't do it yourself? The answer is clear: it doesn't matter who does it. As for those who obsess over others' praise or criticism, remember what kind of people they really are. Consider their private moments in bed or at the dinner table, their daily routines, what they chase after and what they avoid. Think about the thefts and violations they commit, not with their hands and feet, but with their minds – their most valuable asset. If only they would allow it, their minds could embrace faith, modesty, truth, justice, and a positive spirit.
XVI. Give what thou wilt, and take away what thou wilt, saith he that is well taught and truly modest, to Him that gives, and takes away. And it is not out of a stout and peremptory resolution, that he saith it, but in mere love, and humble submission.
16. "Give what you will, and take away what you will," says the well-educated and truly humble person to the one who gives and takes away. This statement isn't made from a stubborn or unyielding mindset, but rather from genuine love and humble acceptance.
XVII. So live as indifferent to the world and all worldly objects, as one who liveth by himself alone upon some desert hill. For whether here, or there, if the whole world be but as one town, it matters not much for the place. Let them behold and see a man, that is a man indeed, living according to the true nature of man. If they cannot bear with me, let them kill me. For better were it to die, than so to live as they would have thee.
17. Live with indifference to the world and its material possessions, as if you were alone on a remote hilltop. Whether you're here or elsewhere, it doesn't matter much since the whole world is like one big town. Let people see a person who truly embodies human nature. If they can't tolerate you, let them end your life. It's better to die than to live as others would have you live.
XVIII. Make it not any longer a matter of dispute or discourse, what are the signs and proprieties of a good man, but really and actually to be such.
18. Stop debating what makes a good person. Instead, focus on becoming one through your actions.
XIX. Ever to represent unto thyself; and to set before thee, both the general age and time of the world, and the whole substance of it. And how all things particular in respect of these are for their substance, as one of the least seeds that is: and for their duration, as the turning of the pestle in the mortar once about. Then to fix thy mind upon every particular object of the world, and to conceive it, (as it is indeed,) as already being in the state of dissolution, and of change; tending to some kind of either putrefaction or dispersion; or whatsoever else it is, that is the death as it were of everything in his own kind.
19. Always keep in mind the broader context of the world and its history, as well as the entirety of existence. Remember that individual things, when compared to the whole, are as insignificant as the tiniest seed and as fleeting as a single turn of a pestle in a mortar. When you focus on any specific object in the world, consider its true nature: it's already in a state of decay and transformation, heading towards some form of breakdown or scattering. This process is essentially the death of everything in its own unique way.
XX. Consider them through all actions and occupations, of their lives: as when they eat, and when they sleep: when they are in the act of necessary exoneration, and when in the act of lust. Again, when they either are in their greatest exultation; and in the middle of all their pomp and glory; or being angry and displeased, in great state and majesty, as from an higher place, they chide and rebuke. How base and slavish, but a little while ago, they were fain to be, that they might come to this; and within a very little while what will be their estate, when death hath once seized upon them.
20. Think about people in all aspects of their lives: when they eat, when they sleep, when they use the bathroom, and when they have sex. Consider them too at their highest moments of celebration, in the midst of their grandest displays of power and glory. Or picture them when angry and displeased, scolding others from a position of authority. Remember how they had to humble themselves not long ago to reach such positions, and how quickly their status will change once death claims them.
XXI. That is best for every one, that the common nature of all doth send unto every one, and then is it best, when she doth send it.
21. What's best for each of us is what nature provides to all. It's most beneficial when we accept it as it comes.
XXII. The earth, saith the poet, doth often long after the rain. So is the glorious sky often as desirous to fall upon the earth, which argues a mutual kind of love between them. And so (say I) doth the world bear a certain affection of love to whatsoever shall come to pass With thine affections shall mine concur, O world. The same (and no other) shall the object of my longing be which is of thine. Now that the world doth love it is true indeed so is it as commonly said, and acknowledged ledged, when, according to the Greek phrase, imitated by the Latins, of things that used to be, we say commonly, that they love to be.
22. The poet says the earth often yearns for rain. Similarly, the majestic sky often desires to descend upon the earth, suggesting a mutual love between them. Likewise, I believe the world holds affection for whatever may come to pass. My desires will align with yours, O world. The object of my longing shall be the same as yours, no different. It is widely accepted that the world indeed loves, as evidenced by the common saying, borrowed from Greek and imitated by Latin, that things which habitually occur are said to "love to be."
XXIII. Either thou dost Continue in this kind of life and that is it, which so long thou hast been used unto and therefore tolerable: or thou doest retire, or leave the world, and that of thine own accord, and then thou hast thy mind: or thy life is cut off; and then mayst thou rejoice that thou hast ended thy charge. One of these must needs be. Be therefore of good comfort.
23. You have three options: 1. Keep living as you have been. You're used to it, so it's manageable. 2. Choose to leave this lifestyle or the world entirely. If so, you're following your own wishes. 3. Your life ends naturally. In this case, be glad you've completed your time here. One of these will happen. So take heart and be at peace.
XXIV Let it always appear and be manifest unto thee that solitariness, and desert places, by many philosophers so much esteemed of and affected, are of themselves but thus and thus; and that all things are them to them that live in towns, and converse with others as they are the same nature everywhere to be seen and observed: to them that have retired themselves to the top of mountains, and to desert havens, or what other desert and inhabited places soever. For anywhere it thou wilt mayest thou quickly find and apply that to thyself; which Plato saith of his philosopher, in a place: as private and retired, saith he, as if he were shut up and enclosed about in some shepherd's lodge, on the top of a hill. There by thyself to put these questions to thyself or to enter in these considerations: What is my chief and principal part, which hath power over the rest? What is now the present estate of it, as I use it; and what is it, that I employ it about? Is it now void of reason ir no? Is it free, and separated; or so affixed, so congealed and grown together as it were with the flesh, that it is swayed by the motions and inclinations of it?
24. Let it be clear that solitude and remote places, highly valued by many philosophers, are simply what they are. The same observations of nature can be made in towns and among people as in isolated locations. Those who retreat to mountaintops, secluded harbors, or other remote areas can find the same insights anywhere. As Plato said of his philosopher, you can quickly apply this wisdom to yourself: imagine being alone in a shepherd's hut on a hilltop. There, ask yourself these questions: What is my core self that governs the rest? How am I using it now, and what am I focusing on? Is it rational or not? Is it free and independent, or so intertwined with bodily desires that it's controlled by them?
XXV. He that runs away from his master is a fugitive. But the law is every man's master. He therefore that forsakes the law, is a fugitive. So is he, whosoever he be, that is either sorry, angry, or afraid, or for anything that either hath been, is, or shall be by his appointment, who is the Lord and Governor of the universe. For he truly and properly is Νόμος, or the law, as the only νέμων, or distributor and dispenser of all things that happen unto any one in his lifetime—Whatsoever then is either sorry, angry, or afraid, is a fugitive.
25. A person who flees from their master is a fugitive. The law is everyone's master. Therefore, anyone who abandons the law is a fugitive. This applies to anyone who becomes sorrowful, angry, or fearful about anything that has happened, is happening, or will happen according to the will of the universe's Lord and Governor. For He truly is the Law, the sole distributor and dispenser of all events in a person's life. Thus, whoever is sorrowful, angry, or afraid is a fugitive.
XXVI. From man is the seed, that once cast into the womb man hath no more to do with it. Another cause succeedeth, and undertakes the work, and in time brings a child (that wonderful effect from such a beginning!) to perfection. Again, man lets food down through his throat; and that once down, he hath no more to do with it. Another cause succeedeth and distributeth this food into the senses, and the affections: into life, and into strength; and doth with it those other many and marvellous things, that belong unto man. These things therefore that are so secretly and invisibly wrought and brought to pass, thou must use to behold and contemplate; and not the things themselves only, but the power also by which they are effected; that thou mayst behold it, though not with the eyes of the body, yet as plainly and visibly as thou canst see and discern the outward efficient cause of the depression and elevation of anything.
26. From the moment of conception, humans have no further control over the process. Nature takes over, guiding the development of a child from a single cell to a fully formed being—a truly remarkable transformation. Similarly, once we swallow food, our bodies automatically digest and distribute nutrients throughout our systems, fueling our senses, emotions, and vitality. These intricate, invisible processes deserve our attention and contemplation. We should strive to understand not just the visible outcomes, but also the underlying forces driving these phenomena. By doing so, we can perceive these hidden mechanisms as clearly as we observe physical cause and effect in the world around us.
XXVII. Ever to mind and consider with thyself; how all things that now are, have been heretofore much after the same sort, and after the same fashion that now they are: and so to think of those things which shall be hereafter also. Moreover, whole dramata, and uniform scenes, or scenes that comprehend the lives and actions of men of one calling and profession, as many as either in thine own experience thou hast known, or by reading of ancient histories; (as the whole court of Adrianus, the whole court of Antoninus Pius, the whole court of Philippus, that of Alexander, that of Crœsus): to set them all before thine eyes. For thou shalt find that they are all but after one sort and fashion: only that the actors were others.
27. Always remember that everything happening now has occurred in similar ways before. Consider how future events will likely follow the same patterns. Think about the lives and actions of people in various professions you've known personally or read about in history. For example, consider the courts of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Philip, Alexander, and Croesus. You'll realize that they all followed similar patterns, with only the individuals involved being different.
XXVIII. As a pig that cries and flings when his throat is cut, fancy to thyself every one to be, that grieves for any worldly thing and takes on. Such a one is he also, who upon his bed alone, doth bewail the miseries of this our mortal life. And remember this, that Unto reasonable creatures only it is granted that they may willingly and freely submit unto Providence: but absolutely to submit, is a necessity imposed upon all creatures equally.
28. Imagine someone who wails and thrashes when facing hardship, like a pig being slaughtered. This is how people appear when they lament over worldly matters. Similarly, picture someone alone in bed, mourning the difficulties of mortal existence. Remember, while all creatures must ultimately yield to fate, only rational beings have the privilege of accepting it willingly and consciously.
XXIX. Whatsoever it is that thou goest about, consider of it by thyself, and ask thyself, What? because I shall do this no more when I am dead, should therefore death seem grievous unto me?
29. When you're about to do something, pause and ask yourself: "Should I fear death just because I won't be able to do this after I'm gone?" Consider this question carefully on your own.
XXX. When thou art offended with any man's transgression, presently reflect upon thyself; and consider what thou thyself art guilty of in the same kind. As that thou also perchance dost think it a happiness either to be rich, or to live in pleasure, or to be praised and commended, and so of the rest in particular. For this if thou shalt call to mind, thou shalt soon forget thine anger; especially when at the same time this also shall concur in thy thoughts, that he was constrained by his error and ignorance so to do: for how can he choose as long as he is of that opinion? Do thou therefore if thou canst, take away that from him, that forceth him to do as he doth.
30. When someone's actions offend you, immediately look inward and consider your own similar faults. Perhaps you also desire wealth, pleasure, or praise. Remembering this will quickly dispel your anger, especially when you realize that the person's actions stem from their mistaken beliefs and lack of knowledge. How can they behave differently if that's what they believe? If possible, help them see things differently, removing the cause of their misguided behavior.
XXXI. When thou seest Satyro, think of Socraticus and Eutyches, or Hymen, and when Euphrates, think of Eutychio, and Sylvanus, when Alciphron, of Tropaeophorus, when Xenophon, of Crito, or Severus. And when thou doest look upon thyself, fancy unto thyself some one or other of the Cæsars; and so for every one, some one or other that hath been for estate and profession answerable unto him. Then let this come to thy mind at the same time; and where now are they all? Nowhere or anywhere? For so shalt thou at all time be able to perceive how all worldly things are but as the smoke, that vanisheth away: or, indeed, mere nothing. Especially when thou shalt call to mind this also, that whatsoever is once changed, shall never be again as long as the world endureth. And thou then, how long shalt thou endure? And why doth it not suffice thee, if virtuously, and as becometh thee, thou mayest pass that portion of time, how little soever it be, that is allotted unto thee?
31. When you see Satyro, think of Socraticus and Eutyches, or Hymen. When you see Euphrates, think of Eutychio and Sylvanus. When you see Alciphron, think of Tropaeophorus. When you see Xenophon, think of Crito or Severus. And when you look at yourself, imagine one of the Caesars; for everyone, picture someone of similar status and profession. Then ask yourself: where are they all now? Nowhere or everywhere? This exercise will help you realize how all worldly things are like smoke that vanishes – or indeed, nothing at all. Remember also that once something changes, it will never be the same again as long as the world exists. So how long will you last? Isn't it enough to live virtuously and appropriately during the short time you have, however brief it may be?
XXXII. What a subject, and what a course of life is it, that thou doest so much desire to be rid of. For all these things, what are they, but fit objects for an understanding, that beholdeth everything according to its true nature, to exercise itself upon? Be patient, therefore, until that (as a strong stomach that turns all things into his own nature; and as a great fire that turneth in flame and light, whatsoever thou doest cast into it) thou have made these things also familiar, and as it were natural unto thee.
32. Consider the life and circumstances you're so eager to escape. What are they, really, but opportunities for your mind to understand and grow? These challenges are perfect for exercising your intellect, helping you see things as they truly are. Be patient. Like a strong stomach that digests everything it encounters, or a roaring fire that transforms all it touches into light and heat, you too can make these experiences familiar and natural to you.
XXXIII. Let it not be in any man's power, to say truly of thee, that thou art not truly simple, or sincere and open, or not good. Let him be deceived whosoever he be that shall have any such opinion of thee. For all this doth depend of thee. For who is it that should hinder thee from being either truly simple or good? Do thou only resolve rather not to live, than not to be such. For indeed neither doth it stand with reason that he should live that is not such. What then is it that may upon this present occasion according to best reason and discretion, either be said or done? For whatsoever it be, it is in thy power either to do it, or to say it, and therefore seek not any pretences, as though thou wert hindered. Thou wilt never cease groaning and complaining, until such time as that, what pleasure is unto the voluptuous, be unto thee, to do in everything that presents itself, whatsoever may be done conformably and agreeably to the proper constitution of man, or, to man as he is a man. For thou must account that pleasure, whatsoever it be, that thou mayest do according to thine own nature. And to do this, every place will fit thee. Unto the cylindrus, or roller, it is not granted to move everywhere according to its own proper motion, as neither unto the water, nor unto the fire, nor unto any other thing, that either is merely natural, or natural and sensitive; but not rational for many things there be that can hinder their operations. But of the mind and understanding this is the proper privilege, that according to its own nature, and as it will itself, it can pass through every obstacle that it finds, and keep straight on forwards. Setting therefore before thine eyes this happiness and felicity of thy mind, whereby it is able to pass through all things, and is capable of all motions, whether as the fire, upwards; or as the stone downwards, or as the cylindrus through that which is sloping: content thyself with it, and seek not after any other thing. For all other kind of hindrances that are not hindrances of thy mind either they are proper to the body, or merely proceed from the opinion, reason not making that resistance that it should, but basely, and cowardly suffering itself to be foiled; and of themselves can neither wound, nor do any hurt at all. Else must he of necessity, whosoever he be that meets with any of them, become worse than he was before. For so is it in all other subjects, that that is thought hurtful unto them, whereby they are made worse. But here contrariwise, man (if he make that good use of them that he should) is rather the better and the more praiseworthy for any of those kind of hindrances, than otherwise. But generally remember that nothing can hurt a natural citizen, that is not hurtful unto the city itself, nor anything hurt the city, that is not hurtful unto the law itself. But none of these casualties, or external hindrances, do hurt the law itself; or, are contrary to that course of justice and equity, by which public societies are maintained: neither therefore do they hurt either city or citizen.
33. Don't let anyone truthfully say you're not genuine, sincere, open, or good. If someone believes this about you, let them be mistaken. All of this is in your control. Who can stop you from being truly genuine or good? Resolve to live as such, or not at all. It's unreasonable to live otherwise. Consider what's best to say or do in any situation. Whatever it is, it's within your power. Don't make excuses about being held back. You'll never stop complaining until you find pleasure in doing what's right for a human being in every circumstance. This is the true pleasure: acting according to your nature as a human. You can do this anywhere. A cylinder can't move freely everywhere, nor can water, fire, or anything purely natural or sentient but not rational. Many things can hinder their actions. But the mind has the unique ability to overcome obstacles and move forward as it chooses. Keep this mental freedom in mind. It can pass through anything, moving like fire upward, stone downward, or a cylinder along a slope. Be content with this and seek nothing else. Other hindrances are either physical or stem from faulty reasoning. They can't truly harm you. Anyone affected by them becomes worse off. In most cases, what harms something makes it worse. But here, if used properly, these obstacles can make a person better and more praiseworthy. Remember, nothing can harm a good citizen unless it harms the city itself, and nothing can harm the city unless it harms its laws. External obstacles don't harm the law or oppose justice and equity, which maintain society. Therefore, they harm neither the city nor its citizens.
XXXIV. As he that is bitten by a mad dog, is afraid of everything almost that he seeth: so unto him, whom the dogmata have once bitten, or in whom true knowledge hath made an impression, everything almost that he sees or reads be it never so short or ordinary, doth afford a good memento; to put him out of all grief and fear, as that of the poet, 'The winds blow upon the trees, and their leaves fall upon the ground. Then do the trees begin to bud again, and by the spring-time they put forth new branches. So is the generation of men; some come into the world, and others go out of it.' Of these leaves then thy children are. And they also that applaud thee so gravely, or, that applaud thy speeches, with that their usual acclamation, ἀξιοπίστως, O wisely spoken I and speak well of thee, as on the other side, they that stick not to curse thee, they that privately and secretly dispraise and deride thee, they also are but leaves. And they also that shall follow, in whose memories the names of men famous after death, is preserved, they are but leaves neither. For even so is it of all these worldly things. Their spring comes, and they are put forth. Then blows the wind, and they go down. And then in lieu of them grow others out of the wood or common matter of all things, like unto them. But, to endure but for a while, is common unto all. Why then shouldest thou so earnestly either seek after these things, or fly from them, as though they should endure for ever? Yet a little while, and thine eyes will be closed up, and for him that carries thee to thy grave shall another mourn within a while after.
34. As someone bitten by a rabid dog fears everything they see, so too does a person touched by true knowledge find meaning in even the simplest things they encounter. Consider the poet's words: "The wind blows, and leaves fall to the ground. Then trees bud again, and by spring, new branches emerge. Such is the cycle of human life; some enter the world, while others depart." Your children are like these leaves. So are those who praise you solemnly or applaud your speeches with their customary "How wise!" Even those who curse you or secretly criticize and mock you are but leaves. Those who come after, preserving the memory of famous names, are leaves too. This is the nature of worldly things. They emerge in spring, then the wind blows them away. Others grow in their place, similar yet different. Everything is temporary. So why chase after or run from these things as if they'll last forever? Soon enough, your eyes will close, and someone will mourn for the person who carried you to your grave.
XXXV. A good eye must be good to see whatsoever is to be seen, and not green things only. For that is proper to sore eyes. So must a good ear, and a good smell be ready for whatsoever is either to be heard, or smelt: and a good stomach as indifferent to all kinds of food, as a millstone is, to whatsoever she was made for to grind. As ready therefore must a sound understanding be for whatsoever shall happen. But he that saith, O that my children might live! and, O that all men might commend me for whatsoever I do! is an eye that seeks after green things; or as teeth, after that which is tender.
35. A healthy eye must be able to see everything, not just green things. Focusing only on green is a sign of eye strain. Similarly, a good ear should hear all sounds, a good nose should smell all scents, and a healthy stomach should accept all types of food, just as a millstone grinds whatever it's given. A sound mind should be equally prepared for any situation. However, someone who says, "If only my children would live forever!" or "I wish everyone would praise everything I do!" is like an eye seeking only green things or teeth craving only soft food.
XXXVI. There is not any man that is so happy in his death, but that some of those that are by him when he dies, will be ready to rejoice at his supposed calamity. Is it one that was virtuous and wise indeed? will there not some one or other be found, who thus will say to himself; 'Well now at last shall I be at rest from this pedagogue. He did not indeed otherwise trouble us much: but I know well enough that in his heart, he did much condemn us.' Thus will they speak of the virtuous. But as for us, alas I how many things be there, for which there be many that glad would be to be rid of us. This therefore if thou shalt think of whensoever thou diest, thou shalt die the more willingly, when thou shalt think with thyself; I am now to depart from that world, wherein those that have been my nearest friends and acquaintances, they whom I have so much suffered for, so often prayed for, and for whom I have taken such care, even they would have me die, hoping that after my death they shall live happier, than they did before. What then should any man desire to continue here any longer? Nevertheless, whensoever thou diest, thou must not be less kind and loving unto them for it; but as before, see them, continue to be their friend, to wish them well, and meekly, and gently to carry thyself towards them, but yet so that on the other side, it make thee not the more unwilling to die. But as it fareth with them that die an easy quick death, whose soul is soon separated from their bodies, so must thy separation from them be. To these had nature joined and annexed me: now she parts us; I am ready to depart, as from friends and kinsmen, but yet without either reluctancy or compulsion. For this also is according to Nature.
36. No one is so fortunate in death that some of those present won't secretly rejoice at their supposed misfortune. Even for a truly virtuous and wise person, someone might think, "Finally, I'm free from this moralizer. He didn't bother us much, but I know he silently judged us." This is how they'll speak of the virtuous. As for the rest of us, there are countless reasons why many would be glad to be rid of us. Remembering this at your death will make it easier to accept. You can think, "I'm leaving a world where even my closest friends and acquaintances—those I've sacrificed for, prayed for, and cared for—want me to die, hoping they'll be happier without me. Why would anyone want to stay longer?" Nevertheless, don't be less kind or loving toward them. Continue to be their friend, wish them well, and treat them gently. But don't let this make you reluctant to die. Like those who die quickly and easily, your parting should be swift. Nature joined you to these people, and now it separates you. Be ready to leave, as if from friends and family, without resistance or force. This, too, is natural.
XXXVII. Use thyself; as often, as thou seest any man do anything, presently (if it be possible) to say unto thyself, What is this man's end in this his action? But begin this course with thyself first of all, and diligently examine thyself concerning whatsoever thou doest.
37. Practice this: Whenever you see someone doing something, immediately ask yourself, "What's their goal?" But start with yourself first. Carefully examine your own motives behind everything you do.
XXXVIII. Remember, that that which sets a man at work, and hath power over the affections to draw them either one way, or the other way, is not any external thing properly, but that which is hidden within every man's dogmata, and opinions: That, that is rhetoric; that is life; that (to speak true) is man himself. As for thy body, which as a vessel, or a case, compasseth thee about, and the many and curious instruments that it hath annexed unto it, let them not trouble thy thoughts. For of themselves they are but as a carpenter's axe, but that they are born with us, and naturally sticking unto us. But otherwise, without the inward cause that hath power to move them, and to restrain them, those parts are of themselves of no more use unto us, than the shuttle is of itself to the weaver, or the pen to the writer, or the whip to the coachman.
38. Remember that what motivates a person and influences their emotions is not any external factor, but rather the beliefs and opinions within them. This internal drive is the essence of persuasion, life, and indeed, the person themselves. As for your body, which surrounds you like a vessel or case, along with its many intricate parts, don't let them preoccupy your thoughts. While they are innate to us, they are ultimately just tools, like a carpenter's axe. Without the inner will to control and direct them, these body parts are as useless as a shuttle without a weaver, a pen without a writer, or a whip without a coachman.