Appendix 1: Alfred’s Preface to His Translation of Gregory’s Pastoral Care

King Alfred bids greet Bishop Wærferth with his words lovingly and with friendship; and I let it be known to thee that it has very often come into my mind what wise men there formerly were throughout England, both of sacred and secular orders; and what happy times there were then throughout England; and how the kings who had power over the nation in those days obeyed God and His ministers; how they preserved peace, morality, and order at home, and at the same time enlarged their territory abroad; and how they prospered both with war and with wisdom; and also how zealous the sacred orders were both in teaching and learning, and in all the services they owed to God; and how foreigners came to this land in search of wisdom and instruction, and how we should now have to get them from abroad if we were to have them. So general was its decay in England that there were very few on this side of the Humber who could understand their rituals in English, or translate a letter from Latin into English; and I believe that there were not many beyond the Humber. There were so few of them that I cannot remember a single one south of the Thames when I came to the throne. Thanks be to Almighty God that we have any teachers among us now. And therefore I command thee to do as I believe thou art willing, to disengage thyself from worldly matters as often as thou canst, that thou mayest apply the wisdom which God has given thee wherever thou canst. Consider what punishments would come upon us on account of this world, if we neither loved it [wisdom] ourselves nor suffered other men to obtain it: we should love the name only of Christian, and very few the virtues. When I considered all this, I remembered also that I saw, before it had been all ravaged and burned, how the churches throughout the whole of England stood filled with treasures and books; and there was also a great multitude of God’s servants, but they had very little knowledge of the books, for they could not understand anything of them, because they were not written in their own language. As if they had said: ‘Our forefathers, who formerly held these places, loved wisdom, and through it they obtained wealth and bequeathed it to us. In this we can still see their tracks, but we cannot follow them, and therefore we have lost both the wealth and the wisdom, because we would not incline our hearts after their example.’ When I remembered all this, I wondered extremely that the good and wise men who were formerly all over England, and had perfectly learned all the books, had not wished to translate them into their own language. But again I soon answered myself and said: ‘They did not think that men would ever be so careless, and that learning would so decay; through that desire they abstained from it, since they wished that the wisdom in this land might increase with our knowledge of languages.’ Then I remembered how the law was first known in Hebrew, and again, when the Greeks had learned it, they translated the whole of it into their own language, and all other books besides. And again the Romans, when they had learned them, translated the whole of them by learned interpreters into their own language. And also all other Christian nations translated a part of them into their own language. Therefore it seems better to me, if you think so, for us also to translate some books which are most needful for all men to know into the language which we can all understand, and for you to do as we very easily can if we have tranquillity enough, that is, that all the youth now in England of free men, who are rich enough to be able to devote themselves to it, be set to learn as long as they are not fit for any other occupation, until they are able to read English writing well: and let those be afterwards taught more in the Latin language who are to continue in learning, and be promoted to a higher rank. When I remembered how the knowledge of Latin had formerly decayed throughout England, and yet many could read English writing, I began, among other various and manifold troubles of this kingdom, to translate into English the book which is called in Latin Pastoralis, and in English Shepherd’s Book, sometimes word by word, and sometimes according to the sense, as I had learned it from Plegmund my archbishop, and Asser my bishop, and Grimbald my mass-priest, and John my mass-priest. And when I had learned it as I could best understand it, and as I could most clearly interpret it, I translated it into English; and I will send a copy to every bishopric in my kingdom; and in each there is a book-mark worth fifty mancuses.²⁸⁷ And I command in God’s name that no man take the book-mark from the book, or the book from the monastery. It is uncertain how long there may be such learned bishops as now, thanks be to God, there are nearly everywhere; therefore I wish them²⁸⁸ always to remain in their places, unless the bishop wish to take them with him, or they be lent out anywhere, or any one be making a copy from them.²⁸⁶

King Alfred sends loving and friendly greetings to Bishop Wærferth. I want you to know that I have often thought of the wise men who once lived throughout England, both clergy and laymen. I have thought of the happy times then throughout England, and how the kings who ruled the nation obeyed God and his ministers. They preserved peace, morality, and order at home while expanding their territory abroad. They prospered through both war and wisdom. The clergy were eager to teach and learn and to perform all the services they owed to God. Foreigners came to this land in search of wisdom and instruction. Now we would have to seek them abroad if we wanted them. Learning had declined so widely in England that very few people south of the Humber could understand their rituals in English or translate a letter from Latin into English. I believe there were not many north of the Humber either. There were so few that I cannot remember a single one south of the Thames when I came to the throne. Thanks be to Almighty God that we have any teachers among us now. So I command you to do what I believe you are willing to do. Set aside worldly matters as often as you can, so that you can use the wisdom God has given you wherever you can. Consider what punishments would come upon us in this world if we neither loved wisdom ourselves nor allowed others to obtain it. We would love only the name of Christian, and very few would love its virtues. As I considered all this, I also remembered what I had seen before everything was ravaged and burned. Churches throughout England stood filled with treasures and books. There were also many servants of God, but they knew very little of the books. They could not understand anything in them because they were not written in their own language. It was as if they had said: ‘Our ancestors who once occupied these places loved wisdom. Through wisdom they gained wealth and left it to us. We can still see their tracks in this, but we cannot follow them. So we have lost both the wealth and the wisdom, because we would not set our hearts on following their example.’ When I remembered all this, I was greatly surprised that the good and wise men once found throughout England had not wanted to translate the books into their own language. They had learned all the books perfectly. But I soon answered myself: ‘They did not think people would ever be so careless or that learning would decline so much. They refrained from translating the books because they wanted wisdom in this land to grow along with our knowledge of languages.’ Then I remembered how the law was first known in Hebrew. When the Greeks learned it, they translated the whole of it into their own language, along with all the other books. When the Romans learned them, they too had learned interpreters translate the whole of them into their own language. All other Christian nations also translated some of the books into their own language. Therefore, if you agree, I think we too should translate some of the books that everyone most needs to know into the language we can all understand. I also think you should do what we can very easily do if we have enough peace. All the sons of free men now in England should be set to learning, if their families are wealthy enough to let them devote themselves to it. They should learn as long as they are unfit for any other occupation, until they can read English writing well. Afterward, those who are to continue their studies and rise to a higher rank should receive further teaching in Latin. I remembered how knowledge of Latin had once declined throughout England, although many people could still read English writing. So, amid the many other troubles of this kingdom, I began to translate into English the book called Pastoralis in Latin and Shepherd’s Book in English. Sometimes I translated word for word, and sometimes according to the sense. I translated it as I had learned it from Plegmund my archbishop, Asser my bishop, Grimbald my mass-priest, and John my mass-priest. When I had learned it as well as I could understand it, and as clearly as I could interpret it, I translated it into English. I will send a copy to every bishopric in my kingdom. Each copy has a bookmark worth fifty mancuses.²⁸⁷ In God’s name, I command that no one remove the bookmark from the book or the book from the monastery. We cannot know how long we will have such learned bishops as we now have nearly everywhere, thanks be to God. So I want them²⁸⁸ always to remain in their places, unless the bishop wishes to take them with him, or they are lent out, or someone is making a copy from them.²⁸⁶