Chapter 2

Now these five were left—Neon the Asinaean, Phryniscus the Achaean, Philesius the Achaean, Xanthicles the Achaean, Timasion the Dardanian—at the head of the army, and they pushed on to some villages of the Thracians facing Byzantium, and there encamped. Now the generals could not agree. Cleanor and Phryniscus wished to march to join Seuthes, who had worked upon their feelings by presenting one with a horse and the other with a woman to wife. But Neon's object was to come to the Chersonese: "When we are under the wing of the Lacedaemonians," he thought, "I shall step to the front and command the whole army."

Five men were left in command of the army: Neon the Asinaean, Phryniscus the Achaean, Philesius the Achaean, Xanthicles the Achaean, and Timasion the Dardanian. They marched on to some Thracian villages facing Byzantium and camped there. But the generals could not agree. Cleanor and Phryniscus wanted to march to join Seuthes. He had won them over by giving one a horse and the other a woman as a wife. But Neon wanted to reach the Chersonese. "Once we are under the protection of the Lacedaemonians," he thought, "I will step forward and command the whole army."

Timasion's one ambition was to cross back again into Asia, hoping to be reinstated at home and end his exile. The soldiers shared the wishes of the last general. But, as time dragged on, many of the men sold their arms at different places and set sail as best they could; others (actually gave away their arms, some here, some there, and¹) became absorbed in the cities. One man rejoiced. This was Anaxibius, to whom the break-up of the army was a blessing. "That is the way," he said to himself, "I can best gratify Pharnabazus."

Timasion’s only ambition was to cross back into Asia. He hoped to be allowed home again and end his exile. The soldiers shared his wishes. But as time passed, many sold their weapons in various places and sailed away however they could. Others (actually gave away their weapons in various places and¹) settled into life in the cities. One man was delighted. That was Anaxibius, who welcomed the breakup of the army. "That is how," he said to himself, "I can best please Pharnabazus."

But Anaxibius, while prosecuting his voyage from Byzantium, was met at Cyzicus by Aristarchus, the new governor, who was to succeed Cleander at Byzantium; and report said that a new admiral, Polus, if he had not actually arrived, would presently reach the Hellespont and relieve Anaxibius. The latter sent a parting injunction to Aristarchus to be sure and sell all the Cyreian soldiers he could lay hands on still lingering in Byzantium; for Cleander had not sold a single man of them; on the contrary, he had made it his business to tend the sick and wounded, pitying them, and insisting on their being received in the houses. Aristarchus changed all that, and was no sooner arrived in Byzantium than he sold no less than four hundred of them. Meanwhile Anaxibius, on his coasting voyage, reached Parium, and, according to the terms of their agreement, he sent to Pharnabazus. But the latter, learning that Aristarchus was the new governor at Byzantim, and that Anixibius had ceased to be admiral, turned upon him a cold shoulder, and set out concocting the same measures concerning the Cyreian army with Aristarchus, as he had lately been at work upon with Anaxibius.

But as Anaxibius sailed from Byzantium, he met Aristarchus at Cyzicus. Aristarchus was the new governor, appointed to succeed Cleander at Byzantium. Rumor also said that a new admiral, Polus, had arrived or would soon reach the Hellespont to replace Anaxibius. Before they parted, Anaxibius ordered Aristarchus to sell every Cyreian soldier he could find still lingering in Byzantium. Cleander had not sold a single one. Instead, he had pitied the sick and wounded, cared for them, and insisted that they be taken into people’s homes. Aristarchus changed all that. As soon as he arrived in Byzantium, he sold no fewer than four hundred of them. Meanwhile, Anaxibius continued along the coast and reached Parium. There, in keeping with their agreement, he sent word to Pharnabazus. But Pharnabazus learned that Aristarchus was the new governor at Byzantium and that Anaxibius was no longer admiral. He turned a cold shoulder to Anaxibius. He then began planning with Aristarchus the same measures concerning the Cyreian army that he had recently been working out with Anaxibius.

Anaxibius thereupon summoned Xenophon and bade him, by every manner of means, sail to the army with the utmost speed, and keep it together. "He was to collect the scattered fragments and march them down to Perinthus, and thence convey them across to Asia without loss of time." And herewith he put a thirty-oared galley at his service, and gave him a letter of authority and an officer to accompany him, with an order to the Perinthians "to escort Xenophon without delay on horseback to the army." So it was that Xenophon sailed across and eventually reached the army. The soldiers gave him a joyous welcome, and would have been only too glad to cross from Thrace into Asia under his leadership.

Anaxibius then summoned Xenophon. He ordered him to sail to the army as quickly as possible and keep it together. "He was to gather the scattered groups, march them down to Perinthus, and then take them across to Asia without delay." Anaxibius provided him with a thirty-oared galley, a letter of authority, and an officer to accompany him. He also ordered the Perinthians "to escort Xenophon on horseback to the army without delay." So Xenophon sailed across and eventually reached the army. The soldiers welcomed him joyfully. They would have been very glad to cross from Thrace into Asia under his leadership.

But Seuthes, hearing that Xenophon had arrived, sent Medosades again, by sea to meet him, and begged him to bring the army to him; and whatever he thought would make his speech persuasive, he was ready to promise him. But the other replied, that none of these things were open to him to do; and with this answer Medosades departed, and the Hellenes proceeded to Perinthus. Here on arrival Neon withdrew his troops and encamped apart, having about eight hundred men; while the remainder of the army lay in one place under the walls of Perinthus.

When Seuthes heard that Xenophon had arrived, he sent Medosades by sea to meet him again. Seuthes begged Xenophon to bring the army to him. He was ready to promise whatever he thought would persuade Xenophon. But Xenophon replied that he could do none of these things. Medosades left with this answer, and the Hellenes continued to Perinthus. When they arrived, Neon withdrew his troops and camped separately with about eight hundred men. The rest of the army camped together under the walls of Perinthus.

After this, Xenophon set himself to find vessels, so as to lose no time in crossing. But in the interval Aristarchus, the governor from Byzantium, arrived with a couple of war-ships, being moved to do so by Pharnabazus. To make doubly sure, he first forbade the skippers and shipmasters to carry the troops across, and then he visited the camp and informed the soldiers that their passage into Asia was forbidden. Xenophon replied that he was acting under the orders of Anaxibius, who had sent him thither for this express purpose; to which Aristarchus retorted, "For the matter of that, Anaxibius is no longer admiral, and I am governor in this quarter; if I catch any of you at sea, I will sink you." With these remarks he retired within the walls of Perinthus.

After this, Xenophon began looking for ships so that the troops could cross without delay. But meanwhile, Aristarchus, the governor from Byzantium, arrived with two warships at the urging of Pharnabazus. To make doubly sure, he first forbade the captains and shipmasters to carry the troops across. Then he visited the camp and told the soldiers they were forbidden to cross into Asia. Xenophon replied that he was acting on the orders of Anaxibius, who had sent him there for that very purpose. Aristarchus retorted, "For that matter, Anaxibius is no longer admiral, and I am governor here. If I catch any of you at sea, I will sink you." With that, he withdrew inside the walls of Perinthus.

Next day, he sent for the generals and officers of the army. They had already reached the fortification walls, when some one brought word to Xenophon that if he set foot inside, he would be seized, and either meet some ill fate there or more likely be delivered up to Pharnabazus. On hearing this Xenophon sent forward the rest of the party, but for himself pleaded that there was a sacrifice which he wished to offer. In this way he contrived to turn back and consult the victims, "Would the gods allow him to try and bring the army over to Seuthes?" On the one hand it was plain that the idea of crossing over to Asia in the face of this man with his ships of war, who meant to bar the passage, was too dangerous. Nor did he altogether like the notion of being blocked up in the Chersonese with an army in dire need of everything; where, besides being at the beck and call of the governor of the place, they would be debarred from the necessities of life.

The next day, he sent for the army’s generals and officers. They had already reached the fortification walls when someone brought Xenophon a warning. If he went inside, he would be seized and either suffer some harm there or, more likely, be handed over to Pharnabazus. On hearing this, Xenophon sent the rest of the party ahead. He excused himself, saying that he wanted to offer a sacrifice. In this way, he managed to turn back and examine the sacrificial victims. He asked, “Would the gods allow him to try to bring the army over to Seuthes?” It was clear that crossing to Asia would be too dangerous. The man who intended to block their passage had warships. Xenophon also disliked the idea of being trapped in the Chersonese with an army desperately short of everything. There, they would be at the governor’s beck and call and would be denied the necessities of life.

While Xenophon was thus employed, the generals and officers came back with a message from Aristarchus, who had told them they might retire for the present, but in the afternoon he would expect them. The former suspicions of a plot had now ripened to a certainty. Xenophon meantime had ascertained that the victims were favourable to his project. He personally, and the army as a whole, might with safety proceed to Seuthes, they seemed to say. Accordingly, he took with him Polycrates, the Athenian captain, and from each of the generals, not including Neon, some one man whom they could in each case trust, and in the night they set off to visit the army of Seuthes, sixty furlongs distant.

While Xenophon was busy with this, the generals and officers returned with a message from Aristarchus. He had told them they could leave for now, but he expected them back that afternoon. Their earlier suspicions of a plot had now become a certainty. Meanwhile, Xenophon had learned that the sacrificial signs favored his plan. They seemed to say that he and the whole army could safely go to Seuthes. So he took Polycrates, the Athenian captain, and one trusted man from each general, except Neon. They set out at night to visit the army of Seuthes, sixty furlongs away.

As they approached, they came upon some deserted watch-fires, and their first impression was that Seuthes had shifted his position; but presently perceiving a confused sound (the voices of Seuthes' people signalling to one another), the explanation dawned on him: Seuthes kept his watch-fires kindled in front of, instead of behind, his night pickets, in order that the outposts, being in the dark, might escape notice, their numbers and position thus being a mystery; whilst any party approaching from the outside, so far from escaping notice, would, through the glare of the fire, stand out conspicuously. Perceiving how matters stood, Xenophon sent forward his interpreter, who was one of the party, and bade him inform Seuthes that Xenophon was there and craved conference with him. The others asked if he were an Athenian from the army yonder, and no sooner had the interpreter replied, "Yes, the same," than up they leapt and galloped off; and in less time than it takes to tell a couple of hundred peltasts had come up who seized and carried off Xenophon and those with him and brought them to Seuthes. The latter was in a tower right well guarded, and there were horses round it in a circle, standing all ready bitted and bridled; for his alarm was so great that he gave his horses their provender during the day², and during the nights he kept watch and ward with the brutes thus bitted and bridled. It was stated in explanation that in old days an ancestor of his, named Teres, had been in this very country with a large army, several of whom he had lost at the hands of the native inhabitants, besides being robbed of his baggage train. The inhabitants of the country are Thynians, and they are reputed to be far the most warlike set of fighters—especially at night.

As they approached, they came upon some deserted watch-fires. At first, they thought Seuthes had moved. But then Xenophon heard a confused noise. It was the voices of Seuthes' people signaling to one another. He realized that Seuthes kept his watch-fires burning in front of his night pickets, rather than behind them. This left the outposts in darkness, where they could remain unseen. Their numbers and positions were therefore unknown. Anyone approaching from outside, however, would stand out clearly in the firelight. Once Xenophon understood the situation, he sent his interpreter, who was with the party, ahead. He told him to inform Seuthes that Xenophon was there and wanted to speak with him. The men asked whether he was the Athenian from the army over there. As soon as the interpreter replied, "Yes, the same," they leaped up and galloped away. Almost at once, a couple of hundred peltasts arrived. They seized Xenophon and his companions and took them to Seuthes. Seuthes was in a well-guarded tower, with horses standing in a circle around it, already fitted with bits and bridles. He was so alarmed that he fed his horses during the day² and kept watch at night with the animals bitted and bridled. People explained that long ago an ancestor of his, named Teres, had come to this same country with a large army. The native inhabitants had killed several of his men and robbed him of his baggage train. The inhabitants are Thynians, and they are reputed to be by far the most warlike fighters, especially at night.

When they drew near, Seuthes bade Xenophon enter, and bring with him any two he might choose. As soon as they were inside, they first greeted one another warmly, and then, according to the Thracian custom, pledged themselves in bowls of wine. There was further present at the elbow of Seuthes, Medosades, who on all occasions acted as his ambassador-in-chief. Xenophon took the initiative and spoke as follows: "You have sent to me, Seuthes, once and again. On the first occasion you sent Medosades yonder, to Chalcedon, and you begged me to use my influence in favour of the army crossing over from Asia. You promised me, in return for this conduct on my part, various kindnesses; at least that is what Medosades stated"; and before proceeding further he turned to Medosades and asked, "Is not that so?" The other assented. "Again, on a second occasion, the same Medosades came when I had crossed over from Parium to rejoin the army; and he promised me that if I would bring you the army, you would in various respects treat me as a friend and brother. He said especially with regard to certain seaboard places of which you are the owner and lord, that you were minded to make me a present of them." At this point he again questioned Medosades, "Whether the words attributed to him were exact?" and Medosades once more fully assented. "Come now," proceeded Xenophon, "recount what answer I made you, and first at Chalcedon." "You answered that the army was, in any case, about to cross over to Byzantium; and as far as that went, there was no need to pay you or any one else anything; and for yourself, you added, that once across you were minded to leave the army, which thing came to pass even as you said." "Well! what did I say," he asked, "at your next visit, when you came to me in Selybria?" "You said that the proposal was impossible; you were all going to Perinthus to cross into Asia." "Good," said Xenophon, "and in spite of it all, at the present moment, here I am myself, and Phryniscus, one of my colleagues, and Polycrates yonder, a captain; and outside, to represent the other generals (all except Neon the Laconian), the trustiest men they could find to send. So that if you wish to give these transactions the seal of still greater security, you have nothing to do but to summon them also; and do you, Polycrates, go and say from me, that I bid them leave their arms outside, and you can leave your own sword outside before you enter with them on your return."

When they came near, Seuthes asked Xenophon to enter with any two men he chose. Once inside, they greeted one another warmly. Then, according to Thracian custom, they pledged themselves to one another over bowls of wine. Medosades was also there, at Seuthes' side. He always served as Seuthes' chief ambassador. Xenophon spoke first. "You have sent for me more than once, Seuthes. The first time, you sent Medosades here to Chalcedon. You asked me to use my influence to persuade the army to cross over from Asia. In return, you promised me various favors. At least, that is what Medosades said." Before going on, he turned to Medosades and asked, "Isn't that so?" Medosades agreed. "Then Medosades came a second time, after I had crossed from Parium to rejoin the army. He promised that if I brought you the army, you would treat me in various ways as a friend and brother. In particular, he said you intended to give me some places on the coast that you own and rule." Again Xenophon asked Medosades, "Are those the exact words you used?" Medosades again fully agreed. "Now," Xenophon continued, "tell us how I answered you, first at Chalcedon." "You answered that the army was going to cross over to Byzantium anyway. So there was no need to pay you or anyone else for that. You added that, once across, you intended to leave the army. And that happened just as you said." "Well, what did I say," Xenophon asked, "on your next visit, when you came to me in Selybria?" "You said the proposal was impossible. You were all going to Perinthus to cross into Asia." "Good," said Xenophon. "Yet despite all that, here I am now, with Phryniscus, one of my fellow generals, and Polycrates here, a captain. Outside are the most trustworthy men the other generals could find to send as their representatives. All the other generals sent men except Neon the Laconian. So if you want to make these dealings even more secure, you need only call them in too. Polycrates, go and tell them that I ask them to leave their arms outside. And you can leave your own sword outside before you come back in with them."

When Seuthes had heard so far, he interposed: "I should never mistrust an Athenian, for we are relatives already³, I know; and the best of friends, I believe, we shall be." After that, as soon as the right men entered, Xenophon first questioned Seuthes as to what use he intended to make of the army, and he replied as follows: "Maesades was my father; his sway extended over the Melanditae, the Thynians, and the Tranipsae. Then the affairs of the Odrysians took a bad turn, and my father was driven out of this country, and later on died himself of sickness, leaving me to be brought up as an orphan at the court of Medocus, the present king. But I, when I had grown to man's estate, could not endure to live with my eyes fixed on another's board. So I seated myself on the seat by him as a suppliant, and begged him to give me as many men as he could spare, that I might wreak what mischief I could on those who had driven us forth from our land; that thus I might cease to live in dependence upon another's board, like a dog watching his master's hand. In answer to my petition, he gave me the men and the horses which you will see at break of day, and nowadays I live with these, pillaging my own ancestral land. But if you would join me, I think, with the help of heaven, we might easily recover my empire. That is what I want of you." "Well then," said Xenophon, "supposing we came, what should you be able to give us? the soldiers, the officers, and the generals? Tell us that these witnesses may report your answer." And he promised to give "to the common soldiers a cyzicene⁴, to a captain twice as much, and to a general four times as much, with as much land as ever they liked, some yoke of oxen, and a fortified place upon the seaboard." "But now supposing," said Xenophon, "we fail of success, in spite of our endeavours; suppose any intimidation on the part of the Lacedaemonians should arise; will you receive into your country any of us who may seek to find a refuge with you?" He answered: "Nay, not only so, but I shall look upon you as my brothers, entitled to share my seat, and the joint possessors of all the wealth which we may be able to acquire. And to you yourself, O Xenophon! I will give my daughter, and if you have a daughter, I will buy her in Thracian fashion; and I will give you Bisanthe as a dwelling-place, which is the fairest of all my possessions on the seaboard⁵."

When Seuthes had heard this much, he interrupted: "I would never distrust an Athenian. I know we are already relatives³, and I believe we shall be the best of friends." After that, as soon as the right men came in, Xenophon first asked Seuthes how he intended to use the army. Seuthes replied: "Maesades was my father. He ruled the Melanditae, the Thynians, and the Tranipsae. Then things went badly for the Odrysians, and my father was driven out of this country. Later he died of illness, leaving me an orphan to be brought up at the court of Medocus, the present king. But when I became a man, I could not bear to live off another man's table. So I sat beside him as a suppliant and begged him for as many men as he could spare. I wanted to do what harm I could to those who had driven us from our land. In that way I hoped to stop living off another man's table, like a dog watching his master's hand. In answer to my request, he gave me the men and horses you will see at daybreak. Now I live with them, raiding my own ancestral land. But if you joined me, I think we could easily recover my kingdom, with heaven's help. That is what I want from you." "Well then," said Xenophon, "suppose we came. What could you give us, the soldiers, the officers, and the generals? Tell us, so these witnesses can report your answer." Seuthes promised to give "the common soldiers one cyzicene⁴, a captain twice as much, and a general four times as much. I will also give them as much land as they like, a pair of oxen, and a fortified place on the coast." "But suppose," said Xenophon, "that we fail despite our efforts. Suppose the Lacedaemonians threaten us. Will you receive any of us who seek refuge in your country?" Seuthes answered: "Yes, and more than that. I shall regard you as my brothers, entitled to sit beside me and share all the wealth we may acquire. And to you, Xenophon, I will give my daughter. If you have a daughter, I will buy her in Thracian fashion. I will also give you Bisanthe as a place to live. It is the finest of all my possessions on the coast⁵."